front 1 The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the A) tunica intima. B) tunica externa. C) tunica media. D) tunica interna. E) tunica adventitia. | back 1 C) tunica media. |
front 2 Compared to arteries, veins A) are more elastic. B) have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. C) have a pleated endothelium. D) have thinner walls. E) hold their shape better when cut. | back 2 D) have thinner walls. |
front 3 3) Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of the cardiovascular flow circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries A) 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 B) 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 C) 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 D) 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6 E) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 | back 3 E) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 |
front 4 Capillaries that have a complete lining are called A) continuous capillaries. B) fenestrated capillaries. C) sinusoidal capillaries. D) sinusoids. E) vasa vasorum. | back 4 A) continuous capillaries. |
front 5 The smallest arterial branches are called the A) precapillary arterioles. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins. | back 5 A) precapillary arterioles. |
front 6 The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the A) tunica intima. B) external elastic membrane. C) tunica media. D) internal elastic membrane. E) tunica externa. | back 6 B) external elastic membrane. |
front 7 The thoroughfare channel ends at the A) artery. B) arteriole. C) capillary. D) venule. E) vein. | back 7 D) venule. |
front 8 Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa | back 8 E) tunica externa |
front 9 After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins. | back 9 D) venules. |
front 10 Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa | back 10 C) tunica media |
front 11 The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins. | back 11 E) veins. |
front 12 In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the A) tunica intima. B) external elastic membrane. C) tunica media. D) internal elastic membrane. E) tunica externa. | back 12 D) internal elastic membrane. |
front 13 Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa | back 13 A) tunica intima |
front 14 Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. A) doubles; decreases B) reduces; increases C) decreases; doubles D) increases; reduces E) reduces; reduces | back 14 B) reduces; increases |
front 15 Venous valves are responsible for A) preventing anterograde flow. B) channeling blood away from the heart. C) channeling blood toward the heart. D) preventing blood from re-entering a ventricle. E) regulating blood pressure in veins. | back 15 C) channeling blood toward the heart. |
front 16 Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein | back 16 E) vein |
front 17 The layer of the arteriole wall that can produce vasoconstriction is the A) tunica adventitia. B) tunica media. C) tunica intima. D) tunica externa. E) tunica mater. | back 17 B) tunica media. |
front 18 Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is A) the subclavian artery. B) the external carotid artery. C) the brachial artery. D) the femoral artery. E) the ulnar artery. | back 18 A) the subclavian artery. |
front 19 You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in A) skeletal muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) the pituitary. D) bone. E) skin. | back 19 C) the pituitary. |
front 20 A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the A) heart. B) lungs. C) liver. D) kidneys. E) skin. | back 20 C) liver. |
front 21 Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following? A) high cholesterol B) lack of exercise C) smoking D) obesity E) All of the answers are correct. | back 21 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 22 These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated. A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins | back 22 C) capillaries |
front 23 What structure do RBCs move through single file? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein | back 23 C) capillary |
front 24 Capillaries with a perforated lining are called A) perforated capillaries. B) discontinuous capillaries. C) fenestrated capillaries. D) sinuses. E) vasa vasorum. | back 24 C) fenestrated capillaries. |
front 25 Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries. | back 25 E) capillaries. |
front 26 Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein | back 26 B) arteriole |
front 27 Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the A) vasa vasorum. B) plexus. C) precapillary sphincter. D) thoroughfare channel. E) venule. | back 27 C) precapillary sphincter. |
front 28 The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular | back 28 B) elastic |
front 29 Which of the following lumen diameters would be typical of a muscular artery? A) 0.2 mm B) 1.0 cm C) 0.4 mm D) 0.4 cm E) 1.5 cm | back 29 D) 0.4 cm |
front 30 Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein | back 30 E) vein |
front 31 The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular | back 31 D) muscular |
front 32 Which vessel is known as a resistance vessel? A) arteriole B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) venule | back 32 A) arteriole |
front 33 What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins | back 33 A) arteries |
front 34 Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery? A) hypotension B) quadriplegia C) stroke D) myocardial infarction E) pulmonary embolism | back 34 C) stroke |
front 35 Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States. A) 30 B) 60 C) 20 D) 50 E) 25 | back 35 D) 50 |
front 36 What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein | back 36 E) vein |
front 37 Arteriosclerosis can lead to A) hypertension. B) stroke. C) coronary artery disease. D) myocardial infarction. E) All of the answers are correct. | back 37 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 38 A vein that measures 5 mm would be considered A) a large vein. B) a venule. C) a medium vein. D) an arteriovenule. E) a venous valve. | back 38 C) a medium vein. |
front 39 The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n) A) large vein. B) venule. C) medium vein. D) arteriovenule. E) venous valve. | back 39 A) large vein. |
front 40 Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels? A) large veins B) venules C) medium veins D) arteriovenules E) venous valves | back 40 B) venules |
front 41 Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except A) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. C) the respiratory pump. D) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood. E) muscular compression. | back 41 B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. |
front 42 Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein | back 42 C) capillary |
front 43 Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood? A) pulmonary arteries B) capillaries C) systemic arterioles D) veins E) arteries | back 43 D) veins |
front 44 List in correct order the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit starting at the aorta. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries A) 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 B) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 C) 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 D) 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 E) 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6 | back 44 B) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 |
front 45 The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the A) arterioles. B) venules. C) veins. D) arteries. E) capillaries. | back 45 A) arterioles. |
front 46 The small vessels that capillaries drain into are called A) arterioles. B) venules. C) arteries. D) veins. E) capillaries. | back 46 B) venules. |
front 47 Resistance is a force that A) increases blood flow. B) decreases blood flow. C) never changes in a blood vessel. D) acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel. E) is always higher than blood pressure. | back 47 B) decreases blood flow. |
front 48 Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the A) length of a blood vessel. B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids. C) turbulence. D) blood viscosity. E) blood vessel diameter. | back 48 B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids. |
front 49 As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) pressure builds. B) pressure drops. C) flow becomes turbulent. D) viscosity increases. E) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. | back 49 B) pressure drops. |
front 50 Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases. B) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue decreases. C) veins constrict. D) arterioles dilate. E) arterioles constrict | back 50 D) arterioles dilate. |
front 51 Blood pressure is determined by A) measuring the size of the pulse. B) listening carefully to the pulse. C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. D) estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel. E) measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle. | back 51 C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. |
front 52 In what vessel is blood pressure the highest? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein | back 52 A) artery |
front 53 Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased A) cardiac output. B) peripheral resistance. C) blood volume. D) parasympathetic innervation. E) force of cardiac contraction. | back 53 D) parasympathetic innervation. |
front 54 Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? A) decreased plasma albumen B) increased blood hydrostatic pressure C) increased tissue hydrostatic pressure D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure E) increased plasma albumen | back 54 D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure |
front 55 The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the A) artery. B) arteriole. C) capillary. D) venule. E) vein. | back 55 B) arteriole. |
front 56 The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the A) venous pressure. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. C) diastolic pressure. D) peripheral pressure. E) pulse pressure. | back 56 B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. |
front 57 Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to A) arteriovenous pressure. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. C) arterial pressure. D) peripheral pressure. E) pulse pressure. | back 57 C) arterial pressure. |
front 58 Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output. A) much higher than B) somewhat higher than C) equal to D) somewhat lower than E) much lower than | back 58 C) equal to |
front 59 Blood pressure is lowest in the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins. | back 59 E) veins. |
front 60 Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? A) blood viscosity B) vessel diameter C) turbulence D) vascular resistance E) All of the answers are correct. | back 60 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 61 If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be A) doubled. B) halved. C) four times greater. D) 1/4 as much. E) unchanged. | back 61 A) doubled. |
front 62 In which of the following would the blood flow be highest? A) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long B) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long C) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long D) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long | back 62 D) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long |
front 63 Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except A) increased sympathetic stimulation. B) elevated levels of epinephrine. C) vasodilation. D) irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques. E) elevated hematocrit. | back 63 C) vasodilation. |
front 64 Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except A) increased venous return. B) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. D) increased blood concentration of glucose. E) stimulation of the heart by epinephrine. | back 64 D) increased blood concentration of glucose. |
front 65 Turbulent blood flow occurs A) when there are irregularities in the vessel wall. B) at high flow rates. C) when there are sudden changes in vessel diameter. D) when blood pressure is excessively high. E) All of the answers are correct. | back 65 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 66 If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg. A) 210 B) 100 C) 93 D) 105 E) 90 | back 66 B) 100 |
front 67 The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions? A) accelerates the distribution of nutrients and hormones B) assists the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries C) helps carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system D) flushes hormones and wastes from the interstitial spaces E) All of the answers are correct. | back 67 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 68 Edema may occur when A) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. B) endothelial permeability goes up. C) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. D) blood pressure is high. E) All of the answers are correct. | back 68 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 69 Relative to the lumen, which of these vessels has the thickest tunica media? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins | back 69 B) arterioles |
front 70 When a person rises quickly from a sitting position, A) the carotid baroreceptors become less active. B) venous return is decreased. C) reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occurs. D) heart rate is reflexively elevated. E) All of the answers are correct. | back 70 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 71 The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. A) critical closing B) mean arterial C) pulse D) blood E) circulatory | back 71 C) pulse |
front 72 The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the A) concentration of plasma sodium ions. B) concentration of plasma glucose. C) concentration of plasma waste products. D) concentration of plasma proteins. E) number of red blood cells | back 72 D) concentration of plasma proteins. |
front 73 Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space? A) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space. B) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary. C) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure. D) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement. E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero. | back 73 E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero. |
front 74 When renin is released from the kidney, A) angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II. B) angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I. C) angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys. D) blood pressure goes down. E) blood flow to the kidneys decreases. | back 74 B) angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I. |
front 75 Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except A) release of renin. B) decrease in blood volume. C) decreased peripheral resistance. D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). E) decreased levels of aldosterone. | back 75 A) release of renin. |
front 76 Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except A) increased levels of aldosterone. B) increased levels of angiotensin II. C) increased blood volume. D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). E) increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). | back 76 D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). |
front 77 Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except A) increased hematocrit. B) increased vessel diameter. C) increased blood pressure. D) decreased peripheral resistance. E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters. | back 77 A) increased hematocrit. |
front 78 In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has A) less resistance to blood flow. B) the same amount of pressure as resistance. C) a greater resistance to blood flow. D) a higher blood pressure. E) a greater blood flow. | back 78 C) a greater resistance to blood flow. |
front 79 Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)? A) P=(F×R) × 4 B) F=R/P C) F=P+R D) F=P-R E) F=P/R | back 79 E) F=P/R |
front 80 As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries A) decreases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. B) is the same as the total cross-sectional area of arteries and blood velocity is equal between arteries and capillaries. C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. D) increases and causes the blood velocity to increase. E) decreases and causes the blood velocity to increase. | back 80 C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. |
front 81 Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow? A) vascular resistance B) venous pressure C) viscosity of blood D) vessel length E) turbulence | back 81 A) vascular resistance |
front 82 The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure. A) systolic; diastolic B) hydrostatic; osmotic C) blood; interstitial D) osmotic; hydrostatic E) plasma; extracellular | back 82 B) hydrostatic; osmotic |
front 83 Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the: A) muscular arteries B) liver C) hepatic portal vein D) venules E) lymphatic system | back 83 E) lymphatic system |
front 84 Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by: A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma B) a greater salt concentration in blood cells C) the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall D) osmosis of water E) hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane | back 84 A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma |
front 85 Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because: A) starvation increases blood pressure which, in turn, decreases BCOP B) starvation increases the permeability of capillaries causing a decrease in BCOP C) starvation in children results in a protein deficiency and the liver cannot produce enough protein to maintain BCOP D) malnourished children do not exercise, which results in a decrease in BCOP E) the question statement is false, BCOP actually increases in starving children | back 85 C) starvation in children results in a protein deficiency and the liver cannot produce enough protein to maintain BCOP |
front 86 Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if the blood gains or loses fluid.NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________ . A) 15 mm Hg; loss B) 65 mm Hg; gain C) 65 mm Hg; loss D) 15 mm Hg; gain E) -15 mm Hg; loss | back 86 A) 15 mm Hg; loss |
front 87 Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart? A) vascular resistance B) peripheral veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood C) muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart D) blood pressure E) blood pressure gradient from arteries to veins | back 87 A) vascular resistance |
front 88 As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) viscosity of blood changes. B) pressure increases. C) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. D) pressure decreases. E) flow becomes turbulent. | back 88 D) pressure decreases. |
front 89 The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. A) blood B) circulatory C) mean arterial D) critical closing E) pulse | back 89 E) pulse |
front 90 Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? A) blood viscosity B) turbulence C) vascular resistance D) vessel diameter E) All of the answers are correct. | back 90 E) All of the answers are correct. |
front 91 Edema may occur (only) when A) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. C) capillary endothelium permeability goes up. D) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced and capillary endothelium permeability goes up. E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up. | back 91 E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up. |