front 1 The ______ receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck, and thorax, and from the right upper limb. | back 1 right lymphatic duct |
front 2 Name the lymphatic system organ that shrinks and becomes non-functional with age. | back 2 Thymus |
front 3 The filtering of lymph and the initiation of immune responses to foreign material are functions of what organ(s)? | back 3 Lymph nodes |
front 4 Lymphatic nodules are encapsulated lymphatic organs. | back 4 No lymphatic nodules are clusters of immune cells that lack a connective tissue capsule. |
front 5 Which are the lymphatic organs of the oral cavity and pharynx? | back 5 Tonsils |
front 6 Match each statement with the appropriate lymphatic structure. (find the functions of lymph node, thymus, spleen) | back 6 Lymph node: Filters lymph; initiates immune responses Thymus: Site of maturation of T lymphocytes Spleen: Filters blood; initiates immune responses |
front 7 Cytotoxic T cells mount an immune response against __________. | back 7 cells that display foreign proteins on their surface |
front 8 Cytotoxic T cells produce __________ which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells. | back 8 perforin |
front 9 How do cytotoxic T cells recognize that a cell is infected with a virus and needs to be destroyed? | back 9 The presence of foreign (viral) proteins on the target cell surface. |
front 10 The receptors on cytotoxic T cells bind to __________. | back 10 viral antigens and class I MHC. |
front 11 Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are called __________. | back 11 antigens |
front 12 Macrophages secrete __________ which then activates __________ . | back 12 interleukin-1 ; helper T cells |
front 13 Cytotoxic T cells target and destroy __________. | back 13 infected "self" cells |
front 14 Helper T cells stimulate the proliferation of __________. | back 14 cytotoxic T cells and B cells |
front 15 The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response. | back 15 True |
front 16 Complete the sentences describing the functions of the lymphatic system. | back 16 |
front 17 The lymphatic system is involved in the absorption of __________ from the digestive system. | back 17 fats |
front 18 Label the features of the capillary and lymphatic bed. | back 18 |
front 19 This flow chart diagrams the series of structures involved in lymphatic drainage. Indicate the correct order of vessels. | back 19 Lymphatic capillary -> afferent lymphatic vessel -> lymph node -> efferent lymphatic vessel -> lymphatic trunk -> collecting duct -> subclavian vein |
front 20 Complete the sentences describing tissue fluid and the formation of lymph. | back 20 |
front 21 Lymph drainage is important for what functions? | back 21 absorption of dietary fats, return of small proteins from tissue fluid to blood, transport of foreign particles from tissue fluid to lymph nodes |
front 22 The absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition? | back 22 adema |
front 23 This image shows a lymphatic vessel. The arrows indicate valves found in these vessels. Based on your understanding of the function of lymphatic valves, in which direction would lymph be flowing through the vessel shown? | back 23 From bottom of image toward top of image |
front 24 Exercise is associated with an increase in lymph movement. | back 24 True |
front 25 This figure shows the areas of lymphatic drainage. Correctly indicate the collecting duct that drains each area. | back 25 |
front 26 Lymph eventually is returned to the circulation at what blood vessels? | back 26 Right and left subclavian veins. |
front 27 What is the role of skeletal muscle contractions in the flow of lymph? | back 27 skeletal muscles contraction compress lymphatic vessels, encourages the lymph to flow toward the upper thorax |
front 28 Label the components of the sectioned lymph node. | back 28 |
front 29 Indicate where in the lymph nodes the listed cell types are found by dragging labels to the appropriate boxes. Some labels are used more than once. | back 29 |
front 30 List the function(s) of lymph nodes. | back 30 Filter lymph, Immune surveillance, |
front 31 In the cadaver image shown, name the group of lymph nodes highlighted in yellow. | back 31 Axillary lymph nodes |
front 32 Label the clusters of lymph nodes. | back 32 |
front 33 For each description, indicate the correct group of lymph nodes. | back 33 |
front 34 In the cadaver image, identify the lymphatic structure highlighted in yellow. | back 34 Thymus |
front 35 In this image of the abdominal cavity of a cadaver, name the structure highlighted in yellow. | back 35 Spleen |
front 36 Label the thymus, spleen, and neighboring structures and organs. | back 36 |
front 37 Label the tissues and vessels of the spleen. | back 37 |
front 38 Label the regions within the spleen. | back 38 |
front 39 Classify each item as a feature of innate defense or adaptive defense. | back 39 |
front 40 The ______ defense mechanisms target specific pathogens. In contrast, the more general defenses that protect against many types of pathogens are the _____ defense mechanisms. | back 40 adaptive innate |
front 41 Consider the types of defense. Drop each label into the flow chart to indicate whether it is a first, second, or third line of defense. | back 41 |
front 42 A chemical called endogenous pyrogen may be released from lymphocytes that are responding to a pathogen. What does this compound cause? | back 42 fever |
front 43 Natural killer (NK) cells are what type of cell? | back 43 lymphocyte |
front 44 Name the cells included in the mononuclear phagocytic system | back 44 Macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils |
front 45 Match the description with the correct chemical barrier. | back 45 |
front 46 Name the innate defense that involves vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, resulting in the influx of blood, blood cells, and fluid to an area of injury or infection. Multiple Choice | back 46 Inflammation |
front 47 The figure illustrates the sites of lymphocyte precursor production, the site where T cells are processed, the site where B cells are processed, and an eventual location for the lymphocytes. Label each site. | back 47 |
front 48 Place the labels describing the locations of origin, development, and action of lymphocytes in the correct location on the figure. | back 48 |
front 49 Indicate the characteristics of the label is associated with B cells or T cells | back 49 |
front 50 Complete the sentences describing the types of T cells | back 50 |
front 51 Drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate if the label is associated with B cells or T cells | back 51 |
front 52 Indicate the cells that can function as antigen-presenting cells. | back 52 Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells |
front 53 This figure illustrates the activation of B and T cells. Label the cells that are involved in the process. | back 53 |
front 54 This figure illustrates the process of stimulation and proliferation of B cells. | back 54 |
front 55 What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response? | back 55 Antigen |
front 56 Cells such as macrophages can process foreign antigens and attach them to their cell surface in order to assist in activation of T cells. What are cells that have this function called? | back 56 Antigen-presenting cells |
front 57 Place the events leading to T cell activation in the correct order. | back 57 |
front 58 Match the description with the correct type of cytokine. | back 58 |
front 59 Cell membrane proteins called ______ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are found on antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells. The _______ MHC antigens are found on membranes of all body cells, except red blood cells. | back 59 Class II Class I |
front 60 Class I MHC antigens are found in the membranes of_____ . Class II MHC antigens are found in the membranes of ___________. | back 60 all body cells except RBCs antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells |
front 61 The body is equipped with several mechanisms that function to prevent infection by pathogens. These mechanisms are referred to as the innate (nonspecific) defenses. They include mechanical and chemical barriers, phagocytic and natural killer cells, and the processes of inflammation and fever. 1. Interferons and complement proteins are examples of __________. 2. The changes that occur in infected or injured tissue (redness, swelling, heat, pain) are due to the process of __________. 3. Mechanical barriers include __________. | back 61 1. Chemical barriers |
front 62 The adaptive defenses are those responses by immune cells that target specific foreign antigens, with the purpose of destroying or inactivating the antigen. Review the roles of the various types of immune cells and answer the questions below. In the next activity, you will view an animation showing the steps in an immune response. 1. The primary cells of the immune response are the T and B cells. T and B cells are what type of cell? 2. Macrophages have a role in both innate and adaptive
defenses. What is the function of macrophages during infection by a
pathogen? | back 62 1. Lymphocytes |
front 63 1. A macrophage that has phagocytized and displayed the antigen on
its surface is acting as a(n) __________. | back 63 1. Antigen-presenting cell |
front 64 Indicate whether the listed components of an immune response interact directly with an antigen, or if presentation of the antigen by an antigen-presenting cell is required. Labels may be used twice. | back 64 |
front 65 Complete the sentences describing the various classes of immunoglobulins, or antibodies. | back 65 |
front 66 Complete the sentences describing antibodies. | back 66 |
front 67 Fill in the blanks in the figure legend, indicating the identity of
the different colored segments of the antibody molecule. | back 67 |
front 68 Drop each label into the appropriate box, indicating which class of immunoglobulin is being described. Some labels are used more than once. | back 68 |
front 69 What class of immunoglobulin is involved in immediate-reaction allergic reactions? | back 69 IgE |
front 70 Memory T and B cells function in what type of response? | back 70 Secondary immune responseCorrect |
front 71 The labels describe either a primary or secondary immune response. Drop each label into the appropriate bo | back 71 |
front 72 Immunity acquired with the injection of antibodies from another source is called ____ Immunity resulting when one's own immune system responds to an antigen encountered through normal routes is called______ Immunity in a newborn due to the passing of maternal antibodies through the placenta is called______ Immunity that occurs following vaccination with an antigen is called ______ | back 72 artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active naturally acquired passive artificially acquired active |
front 73 Complete the sentences describing the different types of immunity. | back 73 |
front 74 With aging, there is no decrease in the number B cells, and only a slight decrease in the number of T cells. | back 74 True |
front 75 What is the first component(s) of the immune system to decline with age? | back 75 Thymus |
front 76 Put the steps that occur during an immediate-reaction allergic response in the correct order. | back 76 |
front 77 Place the steps that occur during an immediate-reaction allergic response in the correct order. | back 77 |
front 78 Indicate characteristic into the appropriate box, describing each type of hypersensitivity. | back 78 |
front 79 What is another term for allergy? | back 79 Hypersensitivity |
front 80 For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor. | back 80 |
front 81 Tissue rejection following a transplant resembles a __________ immune response. | back 81 Cellular |
front 82 What term is used for disorders resulting from the immune system attacking "self" cells? | back 82 Autoimmune diseases |
front 83 1. Indicate the order of cell types involved in the response to the
first exposure to an allergen. | back 83 1. Antigen-presenting cell, helper T cell, B cell, plasma
cell |
front 84 1. In antibody-dependent cytotoxic allergic reactions (type II), the
binding of __________ to targeted cells results in lysis of those
cells. | back 84 1. Antibodies |
front 85 1. Immune complexes that are not removed by macrophages can react
with and activate __________. | back 85 1. Complement |
front 86 1. Delayed hypersensitivity is __________ mediated. | back 86 1. Cell |
front 87 Label the figure showing the pathway for lymphatic drainage from the right breast. | back 87 |
front 88 What is the name of the fluid contained within vessels of the lymphatic system? | back 88 Lymph |
front 89 What is the name of the structure found in lymphatic vessels, indicated by the arrows? | back 89 Valve |
front 90 Complete the sentences describing the process of inflammation. | back 90 |
front 91 When T or B cells are activated, they proliferate, forming a group of genetically identical cells descending from the original activated cell. What is the name of this group of identical cells? | back 91 Clone |
front 92 A molecule called a(n) _______ is typically a large, complex molecule that stimulates an immune response. A small molecule that can not stimulate an immune response on its own, but may cause an immune response when it binds to a larger molecule is called a(n). | back 92 antigen hapten |
front 93 Complete the sentences describing the actions of antibodies. | back 93 |
front 94 What type of immunity will result from receiving a vaccination? | back 94 Artificially acquired active immunity |
front 95 Delayed-reaction allergic responses are mediated by B cells. | back 95 False |
front 96 As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the __________ circulation. | back 96 venous |
front 97 What is inflammation? | back 97 Tissue response to injury or infection |
front 98 What type of T cell does not respond to a foreign antigen on first exposure, but will respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure? | back 98 Memory cells |
front 99 Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic __________ into lymphatic __________, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax. | back 99 trunks; ducts |
front 100 What are lymphatic nodules? | back 100 Compact masses of lymphatic tissue |
front 101 In order to be fully activated, most __________ cells require interaction with __________ cells. | back 101 B T |
front 102 Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the cells of the body as if they were pathogens. In APS-1, a protein called AIRE, expressed in the thymus, is mutated. AIRE protein is part of the apparatus that presents self-antigens to T-cells in the medulla of the thymus. In APS-1, AIRE protein is mutated to the extent that it cannot perform its function. 1. What portion of T-cell maturation is impaired in
APS-1? | back 102 1. Negative selection |
front 103 1. Which of these cells produces IL-2? | back 103 1. Helper T cells |
front 104 Place these items in the correct sequence. | back 104 |
front 105 Which of these processes involves a phagocytic cell? | back 105 opsonization |
front 106 Ebola is a virus that is transmitted through exchange of blood and other bodily fluids. Once the virus enters the body it resides inside of cells. During the Ebola outbreak of 2014-2015 there were no available vaccines or medications. Several patients were saved, however, by receiving blood plasma containing antibodies from patients who had been previously infected and survived. 1. Which of the following may have occurred in the Ebola
patients after the blood plasma and antibody transfusion? | back 106 1. Ebola viruses will be neutralized as they become coated with
antibodies. |
front 107 1. Which of these cells is capable of phagocytosis? | back 107 1. Dendritic cells |
front 108 1. Which of the following is largely responsible for swelling during
inflammation? | back 108 1. Histamine |
front 109 1. Which of the following is NOT an effect of interferons secreted by
an infected cell? | back 109 1. Interferons attach to viruses, resulting in destruction of the
pathogens. |
front 110 1. Which of the following best describes the role of complement
protein C5b in the immune response? | back 110 1. C5b helps form a complement protein complex on bacteria cells that
leads to their destruction. |