During the 1920s, the Supreme Court
a. often ruled against progressive legislation.
b. rigorously upheld the antitrust laws.
c. generally promoted government regulation of the economy.
d. staunchly defended the rights of organized labor.
e. upheld laws providing special protection for women

A

_________ was (were) adversely affected by the demobilization policies adopted by the federal government at the end of World War I.
a. The cement industry
b. The railroad industry
c. The shipping industry
d. Veterans
e. Organized labor

E

The Supreme Court cases of Muller-and Adkins centered on
a. racial discrimination in employment.
b. affirmative action.
c. anti-union "right to work" laws in several states.
d. the question of whether women merited special legal and social treatment.
e. antitrust legislation.

D

The nonbusiness group that realized the most significant, lasting gains from World War I was
a. labor.
b. blacks.
c. the Ku Klux Klan.
d. women.
e. veterans.

E

One exception to President Warren G. Harding's policy of isolationism involved in the Middle East, where the United States sought to
a. support a homeland for Jews in Israel.
b. prevent the League of Nations from establishing British and French protectorates in the region.
c. stop the Soviet Union from dominating the area.
d. secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies.
e. curb the rise of Arab nationalism.

D

Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international disarmament because
a. he feared renewed war in Europe.
b. he recognized that an arms race was imminent.
c. businesspeople were unwilling to help pay for a larger United States Navy.
d. he did not want the League of Nations to take the lead on this problem.
e. American public opinion supported peacemaking efforts.

C

The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
a. formally ended World War I for the United States, which had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
b. set a schedule for German payment of war reparations.
c. established a battleship ratio for the leading naval powers.
d. condemned Japan for its unprovoked attack on Manchuria.
e. outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry.

E

In the 1920s the Fordney-McCumber Tariff __________ tariff rates and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff __________ tariff rates, so that by1930the tariff rates had been substantially __________ from the opening of the decade.
a. raised; lowered; lowered
b. lowered; raised; raised
c. raised; raised; raised
d. lowered; lowered; lowered
e. raised; lowered; raised

C

Which of the following was not a consequence of the American policy of raising tariffs sky-high in the 1920s?
a. European nations raised their own tariffs.
b. the postwar chaos in Europe was prolonged.
c. international economic distress deepened.
d. American foreign trade declined.
e. the American economy slipped into recession.

E

The Teapot Dome scandal involved the corrupt mishandling of
a. naval oil reserves.
b. funds for veterans' hospitals.
c. the budget for the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
d. European war-debt payments.
e. presidential pardons.

A

The major political scandal of Harding's administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of his secretary of
a. the treasury.
b. state.
c. the navy.
d. commerce.
e. the interior.

E

Which of the following descriptive attributes is least characteristic of President Coolidge?
a. honesty
b. frugality
c. shyness
d. wordiness
e. caution

D

During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of
a. farmers and wage earners.
b. the business community.
c. racial and ethnic minorities.
d. progressive reformers.
e. conservative New Englanders.

B

After the initial shock of the Harding scandals, many Americans reacted by
a. demanding that all those involved be sent to prison.
b. excusing some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that "they had gotten away with it."
c. demanding the impeachment of the president.
d. suggesting that Harding resign the presidency so that Calvin Coolidge could take control.
e. calling for a thorough Congressional investigation.

B

One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was
a. overproduction.
b. the inability to purchase modem farm equipment.
c. passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill.
d. the prosecution of cooperatives under antitrust laws.
e. drought and insects like the boll weevil.

A

In the mid- 1920s President Coolidge twice refused to sign legislation proposing to
a. exempt farmers' cooperatives from the antitrust laws.
b. defend the family farm against corporate takeovers.
c. make the United States a member of the World Court.
d. lower taxes.
e. subsidize farm prices.

E

The intended beneficiaries of the McNary-Haugen Bill were __________; the intended beneficiaries of the Norris-LaGuardia Act were __________.
a. railroads; labor unions
b. farmers; labor unions
c. banks; railroads
d. farmers; banks
e. railroads; farmers

B

Which of the following splits did not affect the Democratic party in 1924?
a. "wets" versus "drys"
b. immigrants versus old-stock Americans
c. urbanites versus suburbanites
d. Fundamentalists versus Modernists
e. northern liberals versus southern conservatives

C

Senator Robert La Follette's Progressive party advocated all of the following except
a. government ownership of railroads.
b. relief for farmers.
c. opposition to antilabor injunctions.
d. opposition to monopolies.
e. increased power for the Supreme Court.

E

In 1924 the Democratic party convention failed by a single vote to adopt a resolution condemning
a. the Ku Klux Klan.
b. immigration restrictions.
c. prohibition.
d. Fundamentalism.
e. business monopolies.

A

The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because
a. it could not win the farm vote.
b. too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform.
c. it was too caught up in internal discord.
d. the liberal vote was split between it and the Democratic Party.
e. La Follette could not win the Socialists' endorsement.

B

In the early 1920s, one glaring exception to America's general indifference to the outside world was its
a. involvement in the World Court.
b. armed intervention in the Caribbean and Central America.
c. involvement in the League of Nations' humanitarian operations.
d. naval buildup
e. continuing attempt to oust the Communist from power in the Soviet Union.

B

America's European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans that the United States made to them during World War I because
a. the United States had owed them about $4 billion before the war.
b. the amount of money involved was not significant.
c. they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so it was only fair for the United States to write off the debt.
d. the United States was making so much money from Mexican and Middle Eastern oil that it did not need extra dollars.
e. Germany was not paying its reparations to them, so they could not afford to pay off the loans.

C

As a result of America's insistence that its Allies' war debts be repaid in full,
a. the French and British demanded enormous reparations payments from Germany.
b. the German mark was ruined by drastic inflation.
c. the Allies borrowed money from Switzerland to repay the loans.
d. the United States began threatening renewed military intervention in Europe.
e. the allies insisted on lower U.S. tariffs.

A

America's major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which
a. ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention in Central America and the Caribbean.
b. established a ratio of allowable naval strength between the United States, Britain, and Japan.
c. condemned the Japanese aggression against Manchuria.
d. aimed to prevent German re-armament.
e. provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war reparations payments.

E

The most colorful presidential candidate of the 1920s was
a. Calvin Coolidge.
b. John W. Davis.
c. Alfred E. Smith.
d. Herbert Hoover.
e. Robert La Follette.

C

All of the following were political liabilities for Alfred E. Smith except his
a. Catholic religion.
b. support for the repeal of prohibition.
c. big-city background.
d. failure to win the support of American labor.
e. radio speaking skill.

D

One of Herbert Hoover's chief strengths as a presidential candidate was his
a. adaptability to the give-and-take of political accommodation.
b. considerable experience in running for political office.
c. personal charm and charisma.
d. ability to face criticism.
e. talent for administration.

E

When elected to the presidency in 1928, Herbert Hoover
a. was militantly antilabor and against big government.
b. brought little administrative talent or experience to the job.
c. understood that his major challenge was to find a solution to the Great Depression.
d. combined small-town values with wide experience in modem corporate America.
e. had been a successful governor of California.

D

The Federal Farm Board, created by the Agricultural Marketing Act, lent money to farmers primarily to help them to
a. organize producers' cooperatives.
b. learn a new and more profitable trade.
c. open new land to cultivation.
d. purchase expensive new farm machinery.
e. take land out of production.

A

As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930,
a. American industry grew more secure.
b. duties on agricultural products decreased.
c. American economic isolationism ended.
d. campaign promises to labor were fulfilled.
e. the worldwide depression deepened.

E

In America, the Great Depression caused
a. people to blame the economic system, not themselves, for their problems.
b. a decade-long decline in the birthrate.
c. an increase of foreign investment because prices were so low.
d. a shift from Wall Street investment to investment in small, local businesses.
e. a growing acceptance by business of the need for federal regulation.

B

President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following except
a. providing direct aid to the people.
b. directly assisting businesses and banks.
c. keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system.
d. continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism.
e. lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.

A

President Hoover's approach to the Great Depression was to
a. leave the economy alone to work itself out of trouble.
b. nationalize major industries.
c. encourage the states to stimulate spending.
d. work for the breakup of business monopolies.
e. offer federal assistance to businesses and banks but not individuals.

E

The "alphabetical agency" set up under Hoover's administration to provide aid to business and local governments was the
a. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
b. National Recovery Administration (NRA)
c. Works Progress Administration (WPA)
d. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
e. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)

D

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established to
a. provide direct economic assistance to labor.
b. make loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments.
c. outlaw "yellow dog" (antiunion) contracts.
d. provide money for construction of dams on the Tennessee River.
e. lend money for federal public works projects.

B

The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand
a. the removal of American troops from Nicaragua.
b. an expanded American army and navy.
c. immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans.
d. punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington, D.C.
e. housing and health care assistance for veterans.

C

President Hoover's public image was severely damaged by his
a. decision to abandon the principle of "rugged individualism."
b. construction of "Hoovervilles" for the homeless.
c. agreement to provide a federal dole to the unemployed.
d. refusal to do anything to try to solve the Great Depression.
e. handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army.

E

In response to the League of Nations' investigation into Japan's invasion and occupation of Manchuria,
a. the United States became an official member of the League.
b. Japan withdrew its troops.
c. it initiated a boycott of Japanese goods.
d. Japan left the League.
e. the U.S. and China moved toward an alliance.

D

The 1932 Stimson doctrine
a. reversed the United States' long-standing interventionist policy in Latin America.
b. committed the United States to join the League of Nations' effort to impose economic sanctions against Japan for its invasion of Manchuria.
c. announced the United States' willingness to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy.
d. declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms.
e. declared Japan and Germany "rogue states."

D

Franklin Roosevelt's ____________ contributed the most to his development of compassion and strength of will.
a. education
b. domestic conflicts with Eleanor Roosevelt
c. family ties with Teddy Roosevelt
d. affliction with infantile paralysis
e. service in World War I

D

The "champion of the dispossessed"—that is, the poor and minorities—in the 1930s was
a. Harold Ickes.
b. Alfred E. Smith.
c. Eleanor Roosevelt.
d. Frances Perkins.
e. Harry Hopkins.

C

The 1932 Democratic party platform on which Franklin Roosevelt ran for the presidency called for
a. repeal of prohibition.
b. deficit spending.
c. higher tariffs.
d. adherence to the gold standard.
e. breaking up monopolistic corporations.

A

In 1932 Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression by
a. nationalizing all banks and major industries.
b. mobilizing America's youth as in wartime.
c. returning to the traditional policies of laissez-faire capitalism.
d. continuing the policies already undertaken by President Hoover.
e. experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.

E

The phrase "Hundred Days" refers to
a. the worst months of the Great Depression.
b. the time it took for Congress to begin acting on President Roosevelt's plans for combating the Great Depression.
c. the first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.
d. the "lame-duck" period between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration.
e. the time that all banks were closed by FDR.

C

One striking feature of the 1932 presidential election was that
a. the South had shifted to the Republican party.
b. Democrats made gains in the normally Republican Midwest.
c. urban Americans finally cast more votes than rural Americans.
d. women played a less active role in the campaign than before.
e. African-Americans became a vital element in the Democratic party.

E

While Franklin Roosevelt waited to assume the presidency, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to cooperate on long-term solutions to the Depression because
a. he and Roosevelt had similar ideas on programs to combat the hard times.
b. the Hawley-Smoot Tariff was up for immediate renewal.
c. he hoped to bind his successor to an anti-inflationary policy that would make much of the New Deal impossible.
d. he wanted to show how willing he was to cooperate with the political opposition.
e. he hoped to avoid historical blame for failing to address the Depression.

C

When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933,
a. Congress refused to grant him any legislative authority.
b. he knew exactly what he wanted to do.
c. he received unprecedented congressional support.
d. he wanted to make as few mistakes as possible.
e. he at first proceeded cautiously.

C

The Works Progress Administration was a major program of
the New Deal; the Public Works Administration was a long-range
program; and the Social Security Act was a major program.
a. relief; recovery; reform
b. reform; recovery; relief
c. recovery; relief; reform
d. relief; reform; recovery
e. reform; relief; recovery

A

The Glass-Steagall Act
a. took the United States off the gold standard.
b. empowered President Roosevelt to close all banks temporarily.
c. created the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock exchange.
d. permitted commercial banks to engage in Wall Street financial dealings.
e. created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.

E

The most pressing problem facing Franklin Roosevelt when he became president was
a. a chaotic banking situation.
b. the national debt.
c. the need to silence demagogic rabble-rousers such as Huey Long.
d. unemployment.
e. the farm crisis.

D

Franklin Roosevelt's "managed currency" aimed to
a. stimulate inflation.
b. reduce the price of gold.
c. restore confidence in banks.
d. reduce the amount of money in circulation.
e. shake up the Federal Reserve Board.

A

The ________was probably the most popular New Deal program; the_______was one of the most complex; and the
_________was the most radical.
a. Works Progress Administration; Agricultural Adjustment Act; Civilian Conservation Corps
b. Agricultural Adjustment Act; Public Works Administration; Tennessee Valley Authority
c. National Recovery Act; Tennessee Valley Authority; Social Security Act
d. Civilian Conservation Corps; National Recovery Act; Tennessee Valley Authority
e. Social Security Act; Civilian Conservation Corps; Works Progress Administration

D

President Roosevelt's chief "administrator of relief" was
a. George Norris.
b. John L. Lewis.
c. Mary McLeod Bethune.
d. Harold Ickes.
e. Harry Hopkins.

E

Match each New Deal critic below with the "cause" or slogan that he
promoted.
A. Father Coughlin 1. "social justice"
B. Huey Long 2. "every man a king"
C. Francis Townsend 3. "a holy crusade for liberty"
D. Herbert Hoover 4. old-age pensions

a. A-l, B-2, C-4, D-3
b. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
c. A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
d. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
e. A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2

A

Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained national popularity by
a. advocating social justice for all.
b. blaming Jews for the Depression.
c. making Louisiana a model for ordinary citizens.
d. supporting a $200-a-month old-age pension.
e. promising to give every family $5,000.

E

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) aimed to do all of the following except
a. provide loans and jobs for college students.
b. quiet the groundswell of protest produced by Huey Long and Dr. Francis Townsend.
c. provide employment on useful projects.
d. produce works of art.
e. provide handouts to the unemployed

E

Match each New Dealer below with the federal agency or
program with which he or she was closely identified.
A. Robert Wagner 1. Department of Labor
B. Harry Hopkins 2. Public Works Administration.
C. Harold Ickes 3. Works Progress Administration
D. Frances Perkins 4. National Labor Relations Act

a. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
b. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
d. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

B

Match each New Dealer below with the federal agency or
program with which he or she was closely identified.
A. Robert Wagner 1. Department of Labor
B. Harry Hopkins 2. Public Works Administration.
C. Harold Ickes 3. Works Progress Administration
D. Frances Perkins 4. National Labor Relations Act

a. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
b. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
d. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

B

The National Recovery Act (NRA) began to fail because
a. too few industries joined the agency.
b. it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public.
c. Harold Ickes, the head of the agency, blocked its ability to provide maximum relief.
d. it did not provide enough protection for labor to bargain with management.
e. the agency did not have enough power to control business.

B

The first Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raised the money paid to
farmers not to grow crops by
a. raising the tariff.
b. imposing a tax on the sale of farms.
c. selling government surplus grain.
d. increasing taxes on the wealthy.
e. taxing processors of farm products.

E

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) proposed to solve the "farm problem" by
a. reducing agricultural production.
b. inflating the currency.
c. encouraging farmers to switch to industrial employment.
d. helping farmers to pay their mortgages.
e. creating farm cooperatives.

A

Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth Amendment_________; the
Twenty-first Amendment _______________.
a. shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; ended prohibition
b. limited a president to two complete terms in office; repealed the Eighteenth Amendment
c. rendered most New Deal programs unconstitutional; limited a president to two complete terms in office
d. ended prohibition; shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration
e. expanded the size of the Supreme Court; ended prohibition

A

All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s except
a. dry-farming techniques.
b. drought.
c. farmers' failure to use steam tractors and other modern equipment.
d. wind.
e. soil erosion.

C

In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration to
a. help farmers migrate from Oklahoma to California.
b. place unemployed industrial workers in areas where their labor was needed.
c. move Indians from land that could be farmed by victims of the Dust Bowl.
d. find jobs for farmers in industry.
e. move farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl to better land.

A

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted to
a. reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society.
b. encourage Native Americans to give up their land claims.
c. reinforce the Dawes Act of 1887.
d. pressure Native Americans to renounce self-government.
e. define clearly which tribes were federally recognized.

A

Most Dust Bowl migrants headed to
a. Oklahoma.
b. Arizona.
c. Nevada.
d. Oregon.
e. California.

E

Most "Okies" in California escaped the deprivation and uncertainty of seasonal farm labor when they
a. acquired farms in the San Joaquin Valley.
b. found work in the canning industry.
c. found jobs in defense industries during World War II.
d. joined the armed forces in World War II.
e. formed evangelical religious communes.

C

The Federal Securities Act aimed to
a. halt the sale of stocks on margin.
b. force stockbrokers to register with the federal government.
c. control public holding companies.
d. force stock promoters to give investors information regarding the soundness of their stocks.
e. stop insider trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

D

On the following, the one least related to the other three is
a. the Securities and Exchange Commission.
b. the Tennessee Valley Authority.
c. George W. Norris.
d. Muscle Shoals.
e. hydroelectric power.

A

New Dealers argued that their multifront war on the Depression primarily
sought to
a. reduce the national debt.
b. overthrow capitalism.
c. destroy the Republican party.
d. provide relief.
e. force business to act fairly.

D

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) drew criticism because it
a. lacked government control.
b. produced electricity inefficiently.
c. primarily benefited the South.
d. followed unsuccessful European plans too closely.
e. aroused fears of creeping socialism.

E

The most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority was its plans concerning
a. electrical power.
b. flood control.
c. soil conservation.
d. reforestation.
e. resettlement.

A

The Social Security Act of 1935 provided all of the following except
a. unemployment insurance.
b. old-age pensions.
c. economic provisions for the blind and disabled.
d. support for the blind and physically handicapped.
e. health care for the poor.

E

The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a trailblazing law that
a. gave labor the right to bargain collectively.
b. established the NRA.
c. established the Social Security system.
d. authorized the Public Works Administration (PWA).
e. guaranteed housing loans to workers.

A

The National Labor Relations Act proved most beneficial to
a. employers.
b. skilled workers.
c. the unemployed.
d. trade associations.
e. unskilled workers.

E

The primary interest of the Congress of Industrial Organizations was
a. the effective enforcement of "yellow dog" contracts.
b. the organization of trade unions.
c. the maintenance of "open shop" industries.
d. the organization of all workers within an industry.
e. maintaining existing wage levels.

D

The 1936 election was made notable by
a. a strong third-party effort by the American Liberty League.
b. the bitter class struggle between the poor and the rich.
c. the large number of blacks who still voted Republican out of gratitude to Abraham Lincoln.
d. the strong socialist effort.
e. the strong race run by Kansas Governor Alf Landon.

B

President Roosevelt's "Court-packing" scheme in 1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme Court
a. more conservative.
b. more independent of Congress.
c. more sympathetic to New Deal programs.
d. less burdened with appellate cases.
e. more respectful of the Constitution's original intent.

C

After Franklin Roosevelt's failed attempt to "pack" the Supreme Court,
a. Roosevelt was unable to make any changes in the Court.
b. the Democrats lost the next election in 1940.
c. Congress permanently set the number of justices at nine.
d. much New Deal legislation was ruled unconstitutional.
e. the Court began to support New Deal programs.

E

As a result of the 1937 "Roosevelt recession,"
a. Roosevelt backed away from further economic experiments.
b. Social Security taxes were reduced.
c. Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1938.
d. Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics.
e. much of the early New Deal was repealed.

D

During the 1930s,
a. the Great Depression forced President Roosevelt to trim the size of the federal bureaucracy.
b. the states regained influence over the economy.
c. businesspeople eventually came to admire President Roosevelt's New Deal programs.
d. the New Deal substantially closed the gap between production and consumption in the American economy.
e. the national debt doubled.

E

Many economists believe that the New Deal could have cured the ills of the Depression by
a. engaging in greater deficit spending.
b. spending less money.
c. remaining on the gold standard and keeping a sound currency.
d. allowing the private sector to solve the problems.
e. giving a greater role to local government.

A

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs
a. were almost no help for the poor.
b. did not end the Depression.
c. created the biggest federal deficits in American history.
d. aided only farmers.
e. aided the poor but not the middle class.
e. declared Japan and Germany "rogue states."

B