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Exercise 43: Physiology of Reproduction - Gametogenesis and the Female Cycles

front 1

Dyads are visible in

back 1

both mitosis and meiosis

front 2

tetrads are visible in

back 2

meiosis only

front 3

product is 2 diploid daughter cells genetically identical to the mother cell

back 3

mitosis only

front 4

product is 4 haploid daughter cells quantitatively different from the mother cell

back 4

meiosis only

front 5

involves the phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

back 5

both mitosis and meiosis

front 6

occurs throughout the body

back 6

mitosis only

front 7

occurs only in the ovaries and testes

back 7

meiosis only

front 8

provides cells for growth and repair

back 8

mitosis only

front 9

hologoues synapse: chiasmata are seen

back 9

meiosis only

front 10

chromosomes are replicated before the division process begins

back 10

both mitosis and meiosis

front 11

Provides cells for replication of the species

back 11

meiosis only

front 12

consists of 2 consecutive nuclear divisions, without chromosomal replication occurring before the second division.

back 12

meiosis only

front 13

Describe the process of synapsis

back 13

The pairing of homologous chromosomes (23 tetrads become attached to spindle fibers & begin to align on the equator.

front 14

How does crossover introduce variability in the daughter cells?

back 14

The homologues seperate from one another, breaking & exchanging parts- where crossovers occur

front 15

Define homologous chromosomes

back 15

Egg & sperm chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits (1 paternal, 1 maternal)

front 16

primative stem

back 16

spermatogonium

front 17

haploid

back 17

secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm

front 18

Provides nutrients to developing sperm

back 18

sustentacular cells

front 19

products of meiosis II

back 19

spermatid

front 20

product of spermiogenesis

back 20

sperm

front 21

product of meiosis I

back 21

spermatocyte

front 22

Why are spermatids not considered functional gametes?

back 22

They are non-motile and have too much excess baggage to function well in a reproductive capacity.

front 23

Differentiate between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

back 23

Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturatin of spermatids into mature, mobile spermatozoa. * formation of haploid gametes by Male sloughing off excess spermatid cytoplams to form a motle functioning sperm

front 24

back 24

Draw a sperm, label: acrosome, head, midpiece and tail. Beside each label, note the composition, and function of each sperm structures.

acrosome:(composition & function) penetrating device containing digestive enzymes

head:(composition & function) genetic region, nucleus

midpiece:(composition & function) contains mitochondria which provide ATP

tail:(composition & function) contactile filaments (locomotor region)

front 25

The lifespan of a sperm is very short? What anatomical characterists might lead you to suspect this even if you don't know it's life span?

back 25

No cytoplasm in which to store nutrients.

front 26

The sequence of events leading to germ cell formation in the female begins during fetal development, by the time the child is born, all viable oogonia have been converted to

back 26

primary oocytes

front 27

How does the total germ cell potential of the female compare to that of the male?

back 27

much smaller, and the total number is predetermined

front 28

Female gametes develop n structures called follicles. What is a follicle?

back 28

A saclike structure containing follicle cells in one or more layers that enclose a developing gamete.

front 29

How are primary and vesicular follicles anatomically different?

back 29

Primary follice=primary oocyte; a single layer of cuboidal/columnar follicle cellsSecondary follice=several layers of cuboidal/columnar cells collectively called the membranous granulosa which secrete follicular fluid

front 30

What is a corpus luteum?

back 30

It is what's left of the follicle after a woman ovulates. Glandular ovarian structure that produces progesterone. The ruptured vescicular follicle is converted to corpus leuteum.

front 31

What is the major hormone produced by the vesicular follicle?

back 31

Estrogen

front 32

What is the major hormone produced by the corpus luteum?

back 32

Progesterone (and some estrogen)

front 33

The cell type you would find forming part of the primary follicle in the ovary

back 33

primary oocyte

front 34

The cell type you would find in the uterine tube before fertilization

back 34

secndary oocyte

front 35

The cell type you would find in the mature vesicular follicle of the ovary

back 35

secondary oocyte

front 36

The cell type you would find in teh uterine tube shortly afer sperm penetration

back 36

ovum

front 37

The cellular product of spermatogenesis is four _____________; the final product of oogenesis is one ________ and three ____________

back 37

spermatids, ovum, polar bodies.

front 38

What is the function of the unequal result of oogenesis in the female?

back 38

to provide the ovum or functional gamete w/adequate nutritional reserves so that it can survive it;s journey to the uterus.

front 39

What is the fate of the 3 tiny cells producted during oogenesis? Why?

back 39

They will deteriorate; they lack sustaining cytoplasm w/nutrient reserves.

front 40

The hormone produced by primary follicles in the ovaries

back 40

FSH

front 41

Ovulation occurs after it's burstlike release

back 41

LH

front 42

Exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion

back 42

Estrogen and progesterone

front 43

Stimulates LH release by the anterior pituitary

back 43

Estrogen

front 44

Stimulates the corpus leuteum to produce progesterone and estrogen

back 44

LH

front 45

Maintains the hormonal production of the corpus luteum in a non pregnant woman

back 45

LH

front 46

Why does the corpus luteum deteriorate toward the end of the ovarian cycle?

back 46

Because blood levels of the anterior pituitary hormone LH are very low

front 47

The amount of LH in the blood during meses is greater than or less than the amount of LH in the blood at ovulation?

back 47

less than

front 48

The amount of FSH iin the blood on day 6 of the cycle is greater than or less than the amount of FSH in the blood on day 20 of the cycle

back 48

greater than

front 49

The amount of estrogen in the blood during menses is greater or lesser than the amount of estrogen in the blood at ovulation?

back 49

less than

front 50

The amount of progesterone in the blood on day 14 is less than or greater than the amount of progesterone in the blood on day 23?

back 50

less than

front 51

The amount of estrogen in the blood on day 10 is greater than or less than the amount of progesterone in the blood on day 10?

back 51

greater than

front 52

What uterine tissue undergoes dramatic changes during the menstrual cycle?

back 52

endometrium

front 53

When during the female menstruaol cycle would fertilization be unlikely? Explain why?

back 53

Anytime but the three-day interval (days 14-16) around ovulation (28 day cycle assumed)

front 54

Assume that a woman could be an "on demand" ovulator like the rabbit, in which copulation stimulates the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary axis and causes LH release, and an oocyte was ovulated and fertilized on day 26 of her 28-day cycle. Why would a successful pregnancy be unlikely at this time?

back 54

The uterine lining goes through a cycle of building up every cycle to accept an embryo. By the time day 26 comes along, the lining is getting ready to slough off during the next period. Most likely the lining of the uterus would not be able to support the implantation and development of the embryo at this time.