Several days after a walk in the woods, Cheryl develops a localized rash. It is not painful and soon fades so she thinks nothing of it. Several months later she experiences increasing fatigue, low-grade fever, and pain in the joints. These symptoms persist for months before she seeks medical attention. This description is most consistent with a(n) ________ infection.

chronic

A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly. What measures might be taken by public health agencies to stop the spread?

educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected.

Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as

microorganisms that remain with the person throughout their life.

The taxonomic approach to classifying disease is based on the

type of microbe that causes the disease

Microbes known as transient microbiota are

organisms that remain in the body for a short time

A true pathogen my also be described as

highly virulent

Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is CORRECT?

streptococcus pyogenes and protein M

Treatment in high doses of antibiotics may lead to which type of health care associated infection?

endogenous infection

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of a disease process?

fomite transmission

The pattern of new cases reported in North America represented in this graph is consistent with ________ transmission.

incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Two children attend the same daycare, but one child is at the facility in the morning and the
other child attends the facility in the afternoon. Both children become ill with fifth disease within
one day of each other. How might the pathogen have infected both children?

mosquito vector

Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was disproven using Koch's postulates?

Haemophilus influenzae and the flu

What is the relationship between prevalence and incidence for an acute disease like
influenza?

saliva exchanged during a kiss

An example of direct contact transmission is

the incidence and prevalence are essentially equal

Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease?

experimental

Ten months after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, there was a sharp increase in the number of
cases of cholera. What was the most likely source of disease?

waterborne

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to
produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence. What function has this pathogen
lost?

the ability to adhere to cells of the body

the incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. this means

there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the us in the year 2000.

In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza (swine flu) in the united states. By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents an ________ disease.

epidemic

a person is exposed to desert air containing fungus spores and develops valley fever as a result. Valley fever is an example of a ______ disease.

noncommunicable

Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission?

cockroach transmission of shigella

Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body?

hyaluronidase

Bacterial contaminants grow in food in a closed container. The food is heated after the container is opened, but a person develops food poisoning after eating it. The bacteria were producing

an exotoxin

Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens?

treatment of a cancer patient with radiation.

Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal
microbiota?

microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy

A person licks a needle before injecting a drug into a vein. The person later develops a bacterial infection of the blood. This is an example of

a member of the microbiota gaining access to an unusual location in the body

Symptoms are

subjective characteristics of a disease that only he patient can feel

Infection occurs when

pathogens enter and multiply in body tissue

Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are

the patients own normal flora

all infectious diseases

are cause by microorganisms of their products

STORCH is an acronym that represents the most common

infections of the fetus and neonate

a student has their teeth cleaned. the hygienist nicks their gum tissue. the student develops endocarditis due to streptococcus. what kind of pattern of infections i this?

focal

A veterinary hospital had an outbreak of salmonella infantis. Within the facility, how can salmonella be spread?

all choices are correct.

1. feces

2. unwashed hands

3. contaminated objects

4. multiple animals using the same stalls without proper cleaning

Some diseases can be vertically transmitted. This is understood to mean the disease is transmitted:

from parent to offspring via milk, ovum, sperm, or placenta

Marion is going to the hospital for a triple bypass operation. She will have general anesthesia, intravenous catheter, surgical wounds, and a urinary catheter, which nosocomial infection is she at greatest risk for contracting?

urinary tract

Joe contracted Hepatitis A by eating contaminated doughnuts from a local bakery. The source of the disease is...........................and the reservoir is..................................

the doughnut, humans

All of the following are signs of infectious diseases, except

nausea

If the ID for gonorrhea is 1,000 cells and the ID for tuberculosis is 10 cells, which organism is more virulent?

mycobacterium tuberculosis

which of the following is correct about skatole?

it is a mixture of amines and gases that gives feces it characteristic stench

when would Koch's Postulates be utilized?

To determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab

K's postulates
a statement of the kind of experimental evidence required to establish the causative relation of a given microorganism to a given disease. The conditions are: (1) the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease; (2) it must be isolated and cultivated in pure culture; (3) inoculation of such culture must produce the disease in susceptible animals; (4) it must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimentally diseased animal.

nosocomial (pertaining to or originating in a hospital.
) infections involve all the following, except

medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.

during what process is hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

phagocytosis

which of the following nonspecific mediators inhibits virus replication and cellular division while increasing some lymphocyte action?

IFN

all of the following are correct about lymph, except

it is transported through the body by the same pump as blood

i.e., the heart

Joan's inflamed and painful joints are likely due to which of the following chemicals?

prostaglandins

Maria was scratched on her arm by her cat and the site is experiencing rubor. This means

redness

Due to the way lymph drains from lymph nodes, cell and products of immunity continually:

enter the regular circulatory system

All of the following are types of granulocytes because they have prominent cytoplasmic granules when stained, except

monocytes

Specificity and memory are associated with which body defense mechanism?

T cell and B cell responses

Which is mismatched?

Which is incorrect about inflammation?

pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

All the following are events of early inflammation, except

macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis

Which structures are found along lymphatic vessels but are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

lymph nodes

The reticuloendothelial system

all of the choices are correct

1. provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs

2. is heavily populated with macrophages

3. is a support network of connective tissue fibers

4. originates in the cellular basal lamina

All of the following pertain to platelets except

they contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Hematopoiesis is the

production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

First line of defense may be described as:

intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, and so forth

The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes:

are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.

Structures and products of pathogens that immune cells detect and respond to are called:

PAMP's

Which of the following statements is TRUE of eosinophils?:

they secrete toxins onto the surface of helminth parasites

Wandering macrophages recognize microorganisms by means of

both TLR's and NOD proteins

Which of the following leukocyte functions do macrophages carry out?

phagocytosis of pathogens and secretion of alpha interferons and leuktrienes

What feature of the skin creates a physical barrier to microbial invasion?

the outer layers are dead cells, tightly linked together, and are frequently shed.

The process shown in the figure will lead to

Fever is beneficial during a viral infection because the higher temperature

increases the effectiveness of interferons

Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation?

C3

Which of the following substances stimulates the phagocytic activity of phagocytes?

gamma interferons

Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is true?

TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes.

Which of the following iron-binding proteins is
NOT part of the body's iron storage and transport
system?

siderophores

In addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils can kill bacteria by producing

hypochlorite

Neutrophils produce ________, which can be triggered by sugar molecules on the surface of microbes to damage the microbes.

antimicrobial peptides

Receptors known as NOD proteins detect molecules associated with microbes

in the cytoplasm.

Which of the following cells can use nonphagocytic means to kill bacteria?

both eosinophils and neutrophils

Which of the following statements concerning the alternative complement system is true?

Its activation is independent of antibodies.

Which of the following is the key difference in the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system?

the range of microbes that can be targeted

What is the function of NK cells?

they release interferons in response to detecting virus particles

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?

The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

Which of the following is the best definition of "microbial antagonism"?

the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body

Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?

Tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes.

Protection from infection known as species resistance is a result of

both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body.