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Anatomy and Physiology final

front 1 Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body’s mass. These include ________. a. calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b. oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c. sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen	back 1 oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
front 2 The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. a. electron b. atom c. elemental particle d. isotope	back 2 atom
front 3 The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. a. protons b. neutrons c. electrons d. atoms	back 3 protons
front 4 Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H2O b. 2H c. H2 d. H+	back 4 H2

front 5 A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a. ionic bonds b. nonpolar covalent bonds c. polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds	back 5 polar covalent bonds
front 6 When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a. an ion b. an anion c. nonpolar d. all of the above	back 6 an ion
front 7 A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. a. noble gas b. salt c. electrolyte d. dipole	back 7 salt
front 8 Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.	back 8 covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds

front 9 The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. radiant energy d. activation energy	back 9 potential energy
front 10 The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange	back 10 synthesis
front 11 AB → A + B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a. anabolic b. endergonic c. decomposition d. exchange	back 11 decomposition
front 12 ________ reactions release energy. a. Catabolic b. Exergonic c. Decomposition d. Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition	back 12 catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

front 13 Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a. hydrogen and hydrogen b. hydrogen and helium c. helium and helium d. neon and helium	back 13 hydrogen and hydrogen
front 14 Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes	back 14 saliva contains enzymes
front 15 CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a. inorganic b. organic c. reactive d. a crystal	back 15 organic
front 16 Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a. sodium ions and chloride ions b. NaCl molecules c. salt crystals d. red blood cells	back 16 sodium ions and chloride ions

front 17 Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate chip batter is an example of a ________. a. solvent b. solute c. solution d. suspension	back 17 suspension
front 18 A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer	back 18 salt
front 19 Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a. Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b. Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c. Ty's blood is highly acidic. d. Ty's blood is within the normal range	back 19 Ty's blood is lightly alkaline
front 20 What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol	back 20 glucose

front 21 Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose	back 21 amino
front 22 A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen	back 22 nucleic acids
front 23 A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solutio	back 23 has both polar and nonpolar regions
front 24 In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix	back 24 double helix

front 25 The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty	back 25 specifity
front 26 Uracil __________ . a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above	back 26 all of the above
front 27 The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient.	back 27 down, concentration
front 28 Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of.	back 28 integral proteins

front 29 Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________.	back 29 osmosis; pinocytosis
front 30 Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? a. production of proteins b. detoxification of certain substances c. synthesis of steroid hormones d. regulation of intracellular calcium concentrations	back 30 production of proteins
front 31 Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells? a. endothelial b. epithelial c. hematopoietic d. mesenchymal	back 31 hematopoietic
front 32 Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a. endocytosis b. passive transport c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion	back 32 active transport

front 33 The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? a. Golgi apparatus b. ribosomes c. lysosomes d. proteins	back 33 ribosomes
front 34 Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively. a. nucleus; cytoplasm b. nucleolus; nucleus c. nucleolus; cytoplasm d. cytoplasm; nucleus	back 34 necleus; cytoplasm
front 35 Which of the following is not made out of RNA? a. the carriers that shuffle amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand b. the ribosome c. the messenger molecule that provides the code for protein synthesis d. the intron	back 35 the ribosome
front 36 Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? a. DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil b. DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose c. DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars d. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded	back 36 DNA contains alternating sugar-phosphate molecules whereas RNA does not contain sugars

front 37 Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to _____. a. the walls of the pool b. the chlorine c. the flotation toys d. the water	back 37 the water
front 38 Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome a. DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome b. nucleosome, DNA, chromosome, chromatin c. DNA, chromatin, nucleosome, chromosome d. nucleosome, chromatin, DNA, chromosome	back 38 DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome
front 39 The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? a. protein-lined membrane pores b. a double cell membrane c. the synthesis of ribosomes d. the production of cellular energy	back 39 a double cell membrane
front 40 Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? a. mitochondria b. peroxisomes c. lysosomes d. ER a. mitochondria	back 40 mitochondria

front 41 Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus? a. chromatin b. histones c. ribosomes d. nucleosomes	back 41 ribosomes
front 42 Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c. They are all polymers of protein subunits. d. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.CGAATATA	back 42 they are all polymers of protein subunits.
front 43 How many "letters" of an RNA molecule, in sequence, does it take to provide the code for a single amino acid? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4	back 43 3
front 44 Which of the following phases is characterized by preparation for DNA synthesis? a. G0 b. G1 c. G2 d. S phase	back 44 G1

front 45 A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following? a. a cell with additional genetic material than normal b. cancer c. a cell with less genetic material than normal d. any of the above	back 45 any of the above
front 46 What is a primary function of tumor suppressor genes? a. stop all cells from dividing b. stop certain cells from dividing c. help oncogenes produce oncoproteins d. allow the cell to skip certain phases of the cell cycle	back 46 stop certain cells from dividing
front 47 What multipotent stem cells from children sometimes banked by parents? a. fetal stem cells b. embryonic stem cells c. cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth d. hematopoietic stem cells from red and white blood cells	back 47 cells from the umbilical cord and from baby teeth
front 48 Four major categories of tissues	back 48 Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, neural tissue