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Chapter 16: The Endocrine System: Part A

front 1

There are two main classes of hormones

back 1

1. Amino acid-based hormones
2. Steroids

front 2

Amino acid-based hormones are can be synthesized from what?
(3 answers)

back 2

1. Amino acid derivaties
2. peptides
3. proteins

front 3

Steroid based hormones are synthesized from ______?

back 3

Cholesterol

front 4

What kind of hormones act at the receptors outside the target cell? (can not enter the cell)

back 4

water-soluble hormones

front 5

All amino acid-based hormones, except thyroid hormones, are what type of hormone?

back 5

water-soluble hormones

front 6

What kind of hormones can enter the cells?

back 6

lipid-soluble hormones

front 7

Steroid and thyroid hormones are what type of hormone?

back 7

lipid-soluble hormones

front 8

There are two types of hormones that will always be steroid based hormones, what are they?

back 8

1. gonadal
2. adrenocortical

front 9

Hormone action on target cells may be to...?
(5 answers)

back 9

1. alter plasma membrane permeability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
2. stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins
3. activate or deactivate enzymes
4. induce secretory activity
5. stimulate mitosis

front 10

When hormones are water soluble they can not enter the cell. How do they act on a target cell then?

back 10

1. Act on plasma membrane receptors
2. Act via G protein second messengers

front 11

What is target cell specificity?

back 11

Target cells must have a specific receptors for specific hormone to bind

front 12

Target cell activation depends on what three factors?

back 12

1. blood levels of hormone
2. relative number of receptors on or in target cells
3. affinity of binding between receptor and hormone

front 13

Define UP-REGULATION

back 13

target cells build more receptors in response to low hormone levels

front 14

Define DOWN-REGULATION

back 14

target cells lose (destoy) receptors in response to high hormone levels

down = destroy

front 15

Blood levels of hormones are controlled by which type of feedback system?

back 15

negative feedback system

(exception oxytocin - positive feedback system)

front 16

Endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to three types of stimuli. List all three.

back 16

1. Humoral stimuli
2. Neural stimuli
3. Hormonal stimuli

front 17

Humoral stimuli

back 17

occurs when blood levels of ions and nutrients get out of normal range and stimualte hormone release
(example - calcium ions are low in the blood so it causes the parathryoid to release PTH)

front 18

Neural stimuli

back 18

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

front 19

Hormonal stimuli

back 19

occurs when hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
(example - anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone)

front 20

There are two ways hormones circulate in the blood. List them.

back 20

1. free circulating

2. bound

front 21

Free circulating hormones are what type of hormones?

back 21

water soluble hormones

front 22

These hormones attach to plasma proteins and circulate in the blood bound. List two.

back 22

1. steroid

2. thyroid hormones

front 23

How are hormones removed from the blood?

3 ways

back 23

1. degrading enzymes

2. kidneys

3. liver

front 24

Permissiveness

back 24

one hormone can not exert its effects without another hormone being present

front 25

Synergism

back 25

more than one hormone produces same effects on target cell --> amplification

front 26

Antagonism

back 26

one or more hormones oppose(s) action of another hormone