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Central Science: Chapter 18

front 1

In the troposphere, temperature ________ with increasing altitude, while in the stratosphere, temperature ________ with increasing altitude.
A) increases, increases
B) decreases, decreases
C) increases, decreases
D) decreases, increases
E) decreases, remains constant

back 1

D

front 2

Which of the following is arranged correctly in order of increasing distance from Earth's surface?
A) mesosphere < troposphere < stratosphere < thermosphere
B) troposphere < mesosphere < stratosphere < thermosphere
C) troposphere < mesosphere < thermosphere < stratosphere
D) troposphere < stratosphere < mesosphere < thermosphere
E) mesosphere < troposphere < thermosphere < stratosphere

back 2

D

front 3

Which of the following is released by the combustion of fossil fuels?
A) N2
B) CO2
C) H2
D) O2
E) O3

back 3

B

front 4

As one gains altitude in the atmosphere, based on the ionization energies shown below, which sequence of mole fractions is the correct one?

Process, Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)
N2 + hν → N2+ + e-, 1495
O2 + hν → O2+ + e-, 1205
O + hν → O+ + e-, 1313
NO + hν → NO+ + e-, 890

A) N2 > N > NO > O2
B) N2 > O > O2 > NO
C) N2 > O2 > O > NO
D) NO > O2 > O > N2
E) All will be equal.

back 4

B

front 5

Why does the upper atmosphere contain only very little dissociated nitrogen?
A) Most of the nitrogen is in the troposphere and not in the upper atmosphere.
B) The dissociated nitrogen very rapidly diffuses out of the atmosphere and into space.
C) Nitrogen atoms are extremely reactive and so react with other substances immediately upon their formation.
D) The bond energy of nitrogen is very high and it does not absorb radiation very efficiently.
E) There is no N2 in the upper atmosphere.

back 5

D

front 6

Of the compounds below, the one that requires the shortest wavelength for photoionization is ________.
A) O
B) O2
C) NO
D) N2
E) They all require the same wavelength.

back 6

D

front 7

Photoionization processes (e.g., N2 + hν → N2+ + e-) remove UV of < 150 nm. Which photoreaction is the principal absorber of UV in the 150-200 nm range in the upper atmosphere?
A) N2 + hν → 2N
B) O2 + hν → 2O
C) O3 + hν → O2 + O
D) N2 + O2 + hν → 2NO
E) NO + O2 + hν → NO3

back 7

B

front 8

The majority of ozone that protects against the high energy radiation of the sun is found in the ________.
A) thermosphere
B) mesosphere
C) mesopause
D) stratosphere
E) troposphere

back 8

D

front 9

Why does ozone not form in high concentrations in the atmosphere above 50 km?
A) Insufficient oxygen is available.
B) Insufficient molecules exist for removal of excess energy from ozone upon its formation.
C) Light of the required wavelength is not available at those altitudes.
D) Atomic oxygen concentration is too low at high altitudes.
E) The pressure is too high.

back 9

B

front 10

Of the reactions involved in the photodecomposition of ozone (shown below), which are photochemical?
1. O2 (g) + hν → O (g) + O (g)
2. O (g) + O2 (g) + M (g) → O3 (g) + M* (g)
3. O3 (g) + hν → O2 (g) + O (g)
4. O (g) + O (g) + M (g) → O2 (g) + M* (g)
A) 2 and 4
B) 1, 2, and 4
C) 1 and 3
D) 1 only
E) all of them

back 10

C

front 11

Of the reactions involved in the photodecomposition of ozone (shown below), which are exothermic?
1. O2 (g) + hν → O (g) + O (g)
2. O (g) + O2 (g) + M (g) → O3 (g) + M* (g)
3. O3 (g) + hν → O2 (g) + O (g)
4. O (g) + O (g) + M (g) → O2 (g) + M* (g)

A) 2 and 4
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 4
D) 2 only
E) all of them

back 11

A

front 12

In the reactions involved in the photodecomposition of ozone (shown below), what does M symbolize?
1. O2 (g) + hν → O (g) + O (g)
2. O (g) + O2 (g) + M (g) → O3 (g) + M* (g)
3. O3 (g) + hν → O2 (g) + O (g)
4. O (g) + O (g) + M (g) → O2 (g) + M* (g)
A) mesosphere
B) metal
C) molybdenum
D) methane
E) molecule

back 12

E

front 13

Why are chlorofluorocarbons so damaging to the ozone layer when they are such stable molecules?
A) They contain a double bond that ozone readily attacks, resulting in the destruction of the ozone.
B) They are very light molecules that rapidly diffuse into the upper atmosphere and block the radiation that causes formation of ozone.
C) They are greenhouse gases that raise the temperature above the dissociation temperature of ozone.
D) The radiation in the stratosphere dissociates them producing chlorine atoms that catalytically destroy ozone.
E) CFCs do not damage the ozone.

back 13

D

front 14

Cl atoms formed via photolysis of C—Cl bonds of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere are particularly effective in destroying ozone at these altitudes because ________.
A) Cl atoms absorb UV, which generate O atoms to react with O2 to produce ozone
B) Cl atoms catalytically convert O3 to O2
C) Cl atoms stoichiometrically convert O3 to O2
D) Cl atoms react with H atoms, which catalyze conversion of O2 to O3
E) Cl atoms react with N atoms, which catalyze conversion of O2 to O3

back 14

B

front 15

Select the substance that is thought to be partially responsible for depleting the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.
A) CFCl3
B) CO2
C) O2
D) N2
E) He

back 15

A

front 16

In the past, CFCs were used in which of the following?
A) spray cans
B) plastic manufacturing
C) air conditioners
D) refrigerators
E) all of the above

back 16

E

front 17

Which one of the following is a source of carbon dioxide in the troposphere?
A) natural gas seepage
B) electrical discharges
C) fossil-fuel combustion
D) volcanic gases
E) forest fires

back 17

C

front 18

The source(s) of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is/are ________.
A) volcanic gases
B) forest fires
C) bacterial action
D) fossil-fuel combustion
E) all of the above

back 18

E

front 19

Of the following, only ________ does not result in the formation of acid rain.
A) carbon dioxide
B) nitrogen dioxide
C) sulfur dioxide
D) nitrogen monoxide
E) methane

back 19

E

front 20

Sulfur released into the troposphere arises from both natural and human activity. What is the ratio of human to natural sources of sulfur compounds?
A) 3:1
B) 2:1
C) 1:1
D) 1:2
E) 1:3

back 20

A

front 21

How does lime reduce sulfur dioxide emissions from the burning of coal?
A) It reacts with the sulfur dioxide to form calcium sulfite solid that can be precipitated.
B) It reduces the sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur that is harmless to the environment.
C) It oxidizes the sulfur dioxide to tetrathionate that is highly water soluble so it can be scrubbed from the emission gases.
D) It catalyzes the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide which is much less volatile and can be removed by condensation.
E) It converts SO2 to solid, elemental sulfur.

back 21

A

front 22

The cumulative result of carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone in the troposphere on atmospheric temperatures is referred to as ________.
A) acid rain
B) the greenhouse effect
C) photoionization
D) photochemical smog
E) photodissociation

back 22

B

front 23

Carbon dioxide contributes to atmospheric warming by ________.
A) absorbing incoming radiation from the sun and converting it to heat
B) absorbing radiation emitted from the surface of the earth preventing its loss to space
C) undergoing exothermic reactions extensively in the atmosphere
D) increasing the index of refraction of the atmosphere so that infrared radiation from the sun is refracted to the surface of the earth where it is converted to heat
E) reducing the concentration of CO in the atmosphere

back 23

B

front 24

Which one of the following substances found in the atmosphere will absorb radiation in the infrared portion of the spectrum?
A) N2
B) O2
C) Kr
D) H2O
E) He

back 24

D

front 25

Which gaseous sulfur compound combines with water to form the principal acidic constituent of acid rain?
A) SO42-
B) SO3
C) SO2
D) SO
E) H2S

back 25

B

front 26

The reaction that forms most of the acid in acid rain is ________.
A) SO2 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq)
B) SO2 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO3 (aq)
C) H2S (g) + 2 O2 (g) → H2SO4 (l)
D) Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) → HCl (aq) + HClO (aq)
E) SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq)

back 26

E

front 27

Incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials occurs when ________.
A) there is insufficient oxygen to convert all of the carbon to carbon dioxide
B) there are sulfur impurities in the carbon-containing material
C) the carbon-containing material is a gas
D) the combustion flame is too hot
E) there is an excess of oxygen

back 27

A

front 28

What is meant by the salinity of seawater?
A) percent by mass of salt in seawater
B) mass in grams of dry salts present in 1 kg of seawater
C) molality of NaCl in seawater
D) osmotic pressure of seawater
E) molarity of NaCl in seawater

back 28

B

front 29

The concentration of Na in seawater is 0.470 M. How many grams of Na can be extracted from 10.0 kg of seawater if the recovery rate is 60.0%?
A) 0.470
B) 64.8
C) 4.70
D) 108
E) 43.2

back 29

B

front 30

A single individual typically uses the greatest quantity of water for ________.
A) flushing toilets
B) cooking
C) cleaning (bathing, laundering, and house cleaning)
D) watering lawns
E) drinking water

back 30

C

front 31

The main ionic constituent of sea water is ________.
A) Na+
B) Cl-
C) SO42-
D) Mg2+
E) Ca2+

back 31

B

front 32

To produce acceptable quality drinking water from seawater by desalination, the level of salt must be reduced ________ fold.
A) 10
B) 50
C) 70
D) 100
E) 120

back 32

C

front 33

The primary detrimental effect of the presence of large amounts of biodegradable organic materials in water is ________.
A) it causes death of bottom dwelling organisms because it agglutinates and settles to the bottom, poisoning bottom dwelling organisms
B) it causes oxygen depletion in the water
C) it rises to the surface and absorbs wavelengths needed by aquatic plants
D) it decomposes endothermically causing the temperature of the water to decrease below the limits within which most aquatic organisms can live
E) it causes the water to become murky

back 33

B

front 34

Which of the following is not a stage in water treatment?
A) coarse filtration
B) aeration
C) chlorination
D) distillation
E) settling

back 34

D

front 35

Chemical treatment of municipal water supplies commonly entails use of CaO, Al2(SO4)3, and Cl2. The purpose of adding CaO is to ________.
A) remove all HCO3- as solid CaCO3
B) remove all SO42- as solid CaSO4
C) remove all Cl- as solid CaCl2
D) selectively kill anaerobic (but not aerobic) bacteria
E) make the water slightly basic so that addition of Al2(SO4)3 will afford a gelatinous precipitate of Al(OH)3

back 35

E

front 36

Eutrophication of a lake is the process of ________.
A) rapid increase in the amount of dead and decaying plant matter in the lake as a result of excessive plant growth
B) rapid decline in the lake's pH due to acid rain
C) dissolved oxygen being depleted by an overpopulation of fish
D) stocking the lake with fish
E) restoration of the lake's dissolved oxygen supply by aerobic bacteria

back 36

A

front 37

The lime-soda process is ________ being added to water to cause precipitation of magnesium as Mg(OH)2 and is used for large-scale water-softening operations.
A) Fe2O3
B) Al(OH)3
C) CaO
D) Fe2MgO4
E) Na2O

back 37

C

front 38

Water containing high concentrations of ________ cations is called hard water.
A) Ca2+
B) Mg2+
C) Na+
D) K+
E) Ca2+ or Mg2+

back 38

E

front 39

THMs are ________.
A) non-toxic
B) natural
C) used in green chemistry
D) suspected carcinogens
E) atmospheric pollutants

back 39

D

front 40

Which of the following is classified as a supercritical fluid?
A) water
B) xylene
C) toluene
D) hydrogen peroxide
E) none of the above

back 40

A

front 41

The layer of the atmosphere that contains our weather is called the ________.
A) mesosphere
B) heterosphere
C) stratosphere
D) thermosphere
E) troposphere

back 41

E

front 42

Of the noble gases, ________ is present in highest concentration in dry air at sea level.
A) Ne
B) He
C) Xe
D) Kr
E) Ar

back 42

E

front 43

The dividing line between the troposphere and stratosphere is known as the ________.
A) mesosphere
B) tropopause
C) thermosphere
D) stratopause
E) mesopause

back 43

B

front 44

The pressure of the atmosphere ________.
A) increases with altitude
B) follows the same trend as temperature
C) decreases with altitude
D) follows the reverse trend as temperature
E) stays the same

back 44

C

front 45

What is/are the product(s) of photodissociation of molecular oxygen?
A) molecular nitrogen
B) excited oxygen molecules
C) ozone
D) ozone and atomic oxygen
E) atomic oxygen

back 45

E

front 46

The C—Cl and C—F bond dissociation energies in CF3Cl are 339 kJ/mol and 482 kJ/mol, respectively. The maximum wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation required to rupture these bonds are ________ and ________, respectively.
A) 45.0 nm, 307 nm
B) 742 nm, 654 nm
C) 482 nm, 248 nm
D) 353 nm, 248 nm
E) 979 nm, 953 nm

back 46

D

front 47

The C=O bond dissociation energy in CO2 is 799 kJ/mol. The maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation required to rupture this bond is ________.
A) 307 nm
B) 149 nm
C) 248 nm
D) 353 nm
E) 979 nm

back 47

B

front 48

The amount of atomic O relative to O2 ________.
A) is highest in the troposphere
B) is highest in the stratosphere
C) increases with altitude in the thermosphere
D) decreases with altitude in the thermosphere
E) is essentially independent of altitude in the thermosphere

back 48

C

front 49

In the equation below, M is most likely ________.
O + O2 + M → O3 + M*

A) Br2
B) Xe
C) SO2
D) N2
E) H2O

back 49

D

front 50

Ozone is a(n) ________ of oxygen.
A) isomer
B) allotrope
C) isotope
D) resonance structure
E) atomic form

back 50

B

front 51

CFC stands for ________.
A) chlorinated freon compound
B) chlorofluorocarbon
C) carbonated fluorine compound
D) caustic fluorine carbohydrate
E) carbofluoro compound

back 51

B

front 52

Natural, unpolluted rainwater is typically acidic. What is the source of this natural acidity?
A) CO2
B) SO2
C) NO2
D) HCl
E) chlorofluorocarbons

back 52

A

front 53

What compound in limestone and marble is attacked by acid rain?
A) hydroxyapatite
B) calcium carbonate
C) gypsum
D) graphite
E) potassium hydroxide

back 53

B

front 54

CO2 from hydrocarbon combustion creates a major environmental problem that is described as ________.
A) the greenhouse effect
B) photochemical smog
C) acid rain
D) stratospheric ozone depletion
E) all of the above

back 54

A

front 55

The majority of SO2 released annually in the United States results from ________.
A) combustion of oil
B) acid rain
C) combustion of coal
D) depletion of ozone by CFCs
E) all of the above

back 55

C

front 56

Radiation in the infrared portion of the spectrum is absorbed by ________ found in the atmosphere.
A) N2
B) O2
C) CO2
D) Ar
E) He

back 56

C

front 57

Compounds found in fossil fuels that contain ________ are primarily responsible for acid rain.
A) sulfur
B) carbon
C) hydrogen
D) phosphorus
E) neon

back 57

A

front 58

Acid rain typically has a pH of about ________.
A) 7
B) 5
C) 4
D) 2
E) 1

back 58

C

front 59

Sulfur dioxide is not released into the atmosphere in any significant amount by ________.
A) burning of coal
B) bacterial action
C) internal combustion engines
D) volcanic eruption
E) Sulfur dioxide is produced in significant amount by all of these processes.

back 59

E

front 60

Ozone is a necessary, protective component of the ________, but is considered a pollutant in the ________.
A) troposphere, upper atmosphere
B) troposphere, air
C) photochemical smog, air we breathe
D) upper atmosphere, troposphere
E) air we breathe, upper atmosphere

back 60

D

front 61

The brown color of photochemical smog over a city is mainly due to ________.
A) NO2
B) N2O4
C) CO
D) SO2
E) CO2

back 61

A

front 62

The concentration of which greenhouse gas has increased steadily over the last few decades?
A) H2O
B) CO
C) CO2
D) H2O2
E) O2

back 62

C

front 63

What is the percentage of freshwater on planet Earth?
A) 97%
B) 2.1%
C) 2.8%
D) 0.6%
E) 100%

back 63

D

front 64

In the world's oceans, the average salinity is about ________ g/kg.
A) 0.03
B) 0.1
C) 35
D) 17
E) 3.5

back 64

C

front 65

The sterilizing action of chlorine in water is due to what substance?
A) Cl-
B) Cl2
C) HCl
D) HClO
E) H+

back 65

D

front 66

The "scale" caused by hard water is ________.
A) calcium ions
B) sodium chloride
C) magnesium oxide
D) sodium ions
E) calcium carbonate

back 66

E

front 67

What is the total pressure (torr) inside a container that contains a gas at 3.18 × 103 ppm where its partial pressure is ?
A) 5.38 × 10-3
B) 1.86 × 10-4
C) 1.88 × 103
D) 1.86 × 10-10
E) 1.88 × 109

back 67

D

front 68

Which of the following is (are) not a typical source of nitric oxide?
A) livestock emissions
B) atmospheric electrical discharges
C) internal combustion engines
D) combustion of organic matter
E) all of the above

back 68

A

front 69

The area of the Earth's atmosphere 50 - 85 km above the surface is called the ________.
A) mesosphere
B) thermosphere
C) troposphere
D) stratosphere
E) exosphere

back 69

A

front 70

What is the total pressure (torr) inside a container that contains a gas at 8.57 × 103 ppm where its partial pressure is 1.87 torr?
A) 4.58 × 109
B) 1.60 × 10-2
C) 2.18 × 10-4
D) 218
E) 0.218

back 70

D

front 71

What is the wavelength of a photon with just enough energy to break a C-Cl bond? (The bond energy of the C-Cl bond is 331 kJ/mole.)
A) 362 nm
B) 723 nm
C) 181 nm
D) 5.46 × 1035 nm
E) 5.50 × 10-19 nm

back 71

A

front 72

What is the concentration (ppm) of water vapor in a sample of air that has a partial pressure of water of 1.20 torr and a total pressure of air of 695 torr?
A) 1.7
B) 0.17
C) 5.8 × 10-4
D) 1.7 × 103
E) 0.58

back 72

D

front 73

The concentration of CO in a room is 7.2 ppm. If the total pressure is 695 torr, then the partial pressure of CO is ________ torr.
A) 5.0 × 103
B) 5.0
C) 1.0 × 104
D) 5.0 × 10-3
E) 9.7 × 107

back 73

D

front 74

The concentration of ozone in a sample of air that has a partial pressure of O3 of 0.53 torr and a total pressure of air of 695 torr is ________ ppm.
A) 7.6 × 102
B) 0.76
C) 0.076
D) 1.3 × 10-3
E) 1.3

back 74

A

front 75

The mole fraction of nitrogen in dry air near sea level is 0.78084, where the molar mass of nitrogen is 28.013. The partial pressure of nitrogen when the total atmospheric pressure (dry air) is 97.5 kPa is ________ kPa.
A) 126
B) 4.51
C) 77.0
D) 2.16 × 103
E) 2.75

back 75

C

front 76

The concentration of carbon monoxide in a sample of air is 6.0 ppm. There are ________ molecules of CO in 1.00 L of this air at 755 torr and 23 °C.
A) 2.5 × 10-7
B) 1.4 × 1021
C) 1.9 × 1018
D) 1.1 × 1020
E) 1.5 × 1017

back 76

E

front 77

What is the concentration (ppm) of helium in the atmosphere if the mole fraction of helium in dry air near sea level is 0.00000524?
A) 5.24
B) 1.91 × 1011
C) 5.24 × 10-4
D) 5240
E) 5.24 × 10-12

back 77

A

front 78

The mole fraction of nitrous oxide in dry air near sea level is 0.00000050. The concentration of nitrous oxide is ________ molecules per liter, assuming an atmospheric pressure of 739 torr and a temperature of 29.5 °C.
A) 1.5 × 10-5
B) 2.0 × 10-8
C) 1.2 × 1016
D) 8.9 × 1018
E) 1.2 × 1017

back 78

C

front 79

What is the partial pressure or oxygen (in torr) in the atmosphere when the atmospheric pressure is 755.0 torr?
A) 158
B) 590
C) 611
D) 7.55
E) 760

back 79

A

front 80

What is the partial pressure or nitrogen (in torr) in the atmosphere when the atmospheric pressure is 760.0 torr?
A) 159
B) 594
C) 611
D) 7.60
E) 760

back 80

B

front 81

What is the partial pressure or argon (in torr) in the atmosphere when the atmospheric pressure is 750.0 torr?
A) 157
B) 586
C) 611
D) 7.50
E) 760

back 81

D

front 82

The dissociation energy of N2 is 941 kJ/mol. The maximum wavelength of light that has enough energy per photon to dissociate the N2 molecule is ________ nm.
A) 3137
B) 1.27 × 10-4
C) 1.27 × 10-7
D) 1.27 × 105
E) 127

back 82

E

front 83

The ionization energy of NO is 890 kJ/mol:

NO + hv → NO+ +

The maximum wavelength of light capable of causing the ionization of NO is ________ nm.
A) 2967
B) 1.35 × 10-4
C) 1.35 × 10-7
D) 134.5
E) 1.35 × 105

back 83

D

front 84

The concentration of Br- in a sample of seawater is 5.3 × 10-4 M. What is the concentration (ppm) of Br-?
A) 0.042
B) 0.53
C) 5.3
D) 42
E) 0.0053

back 84

D

front 85

What is the final stage in municipal water treatment?
A) treatment with ozone or chlorine
B) course filtration through a screen
C) addition of CaO/Al2(SO4)3 and settling
D) sand bed filtration
E) aeration

back 85

A

front 86

In the presence of oxygen, the nitrogen present in biodegradable material ends up mainly as ________.
A) NO3-
B) NO2
C) N2O
D) NH3
E) NH4+

back 86

A

front 87

Which one of the following is produced by anaerobic bacteria after decomposing biodegradable nitrogen-containing waste?
A) NH3
B) NO2
C) N2O
D) NO3-
E) NH4+

back 87

A

front 88

Which process in the Global Water Cycle involves the phase transition H2O(l)→H2O(g)?
A) evaporation from fresh water
B) fog drip
C) plant uptake
D) freshwater storage
E) snowmelt runoff to streams

back 88

A

front 89

Which choice is one of the suspected carcinogens by-products from water chlorination called THMs?
A) CHClBr2
B) Cl2
C) Br2
D) CH3OCH3
E) CH4

back 89

A

front 90

Which choice is not one of the Ionic Constituents of seawater typically present in concentrations greater than 1 ppm?
A) ClO4-
B) Sr2+
C) Na+
D) H3Bo3
E) Cl-

back 90

A

front 91

The acidic water of a lake (V = 4 × 108 L) must be neutralized with lime, CaO. It will require a minimum of ________ grams of lime to adjust the pH from 5.6 to 6.5.
A) 2 × 104
B) 5 × 104
C) 1 × 105
D) 3 × 104
E) 5

back 91

A

front 92

Which of the following is not one of the 12 principles associated with green chemistry?
A) distribution of chemical by-products into oceans
B) less hazardous chemical syntheses
C) promotion of the use of catalysts
D) use of renewable feedstocks
E) inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention

back 92

A

front 93

The most abundant component of air is ________.

back 93

N2

front 94

The absorption of a photon which results in bond breaking is known as ________.

back 94

photodissociation

front 95

The concept that radiowave propagation was affected by the atmosphere of the earth was discovered by ________.

back 95

Marconi

front 96

In the equation below, what is the meaning of the asterisk?
O + O2 → O3*

back 96

indicates the ozone formed contains excess energy

front 97

The stratosphere contains approximately ________ of the earth's ozone.

back 97

90%

front 98

Show how a molecule of C2F2Cl2 can destroy two molecules of ozone, O3.

back 98

CF2Cl2 (g) + hν → CF2Cl (g) + Cl (g)
Cl (g) + O3 (g) → ClO (g) + O2 (g)
ClO (g) + hν → Cl (g) + O (g)
Cl (g) + O3 (g) → ClO (g) + O2 (g)
----------------------------------------------------------
C2F2Cl2 (g) + 2 O3 (g) → C2F2Cl (g) + ClO (g) + 2 O2 (g) + O (g)

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________ and ________ are major contributors to the depletion of the ozone layer.

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Nitrogen oxides, chlorofluorocarbons

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Clean rainwater is ________ mainly due to the presence of carbon dioxide.

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acidic

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What is the approximate pH of acid rain?

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4.0

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The contribution of ________ to acid rain is via the production of H2SO4.

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sulfur

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What are the primary chemical pollutants that create acid rain?

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sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides

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Nitric oxide arises from auto emissions and reacts with oxygen to produce ________ which reacts with sunlight to produce ________ atoms which react with oxygen to produce ________.

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nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, ozone

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The salinity, density, and temperature of seawater varies with ________.

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depth

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The three most concentrated ions in seawater are ________.

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chloride ions, sodium ions, and sulfate ions

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The average pH of the oceans is ________.

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8.0 - 8.3

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How many liters of water does the average adult in the U.S. require?

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2

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The world's largest desalinization plant is in Saudi Arabia and uses the process of ________ to produce drinking water.

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reverse osmosis

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Organic material that bacteria are able to oxidize is known as ________.

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biodegradable

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In the purification of drinking water, the filtered water is made basic by adding ________, then particles and bacteria are captured by adding Al2(SO4)3.

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CaO

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When dealing with gases, the mass fraction and the mole fraction are the same.

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false

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The bond energy of oxygen is higher than that of nitrogen.

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false

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The total pressure of a component in a gas mixture is the product of its mole fraction and the partial mixture pressure.

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false

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Nitrogen oxides catalytically destroy ozone.

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true

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Ozone depletion from chlorofluorocarbons is chiefly due to the production of free chlorine.

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true

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Nitric oxide arises from internal combustion engines.

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true

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Sulfur compounds in the atmosphere are equally derived from natural sources and from human activity.

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false

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The greenhouse effect of a methane molecule far exceeds the effect of a carbon dioxide molecule.

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true

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The principal component of smog is sulfur dioxide.

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false

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Most fresh water in the U.S. is used for agriculture.

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true

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Municipal water treatment consists of five steps ending with chlorination.

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true

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Describe the process of reverse osmosis that is used to desalinate seawater.

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Water is fed, at high pressure, through tubes of semipermeable material. The water passes through the tubing material and the ions do not.

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How can the presence of biodegradable waste in a lake result in the death of fish in the lake?

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Bacteria utilize oxygen to degrade the waste and deplete the oxygen in the lake water.

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List two of the three major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in water.

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domestic sewage, runoff from agricultural land, runoff from livestock areas

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Ozone is more efficient at killing bacteria in water, yet chlorine is used more commonly for that purpose in municipal water treatment. Why?

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Ozone must be generated on site, whereas chlorine can be shipped in tanks as a liquefied gas.