front 1 Leland Stanford | back 1 One of the Big Four financial backers of the Central Pacific railroad. He was the ex-governor of California who had useful political connections. He kept clean of bribery and drove the ceremonious "last gold spike" into the connected transcontinental railroad. |
front 2 Cornelius Vanderbilt | back 2 A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. |
front 3 Alexander Graham Bell | back 3 He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country. |
front 4 Thomas Edison | back 4 American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. |
front 5 John D. Rockefeller | back 5 Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. |
front 6 JP Morgan | back 6 Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons" |
front 7 Terence Powderly | back 7 led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor |
front 8 Samuel Gompers | back 8 He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. |
front 9 Philip Armour | back 9 Pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat. |
front 10 Charles Darwin | back 10 English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. |
front 11 James Buchanan Duke | back 11 Southern industrialist behind the American Tobacco Company and Southern Power Company who made great advances in the businesses of tobacco and hydroelectric power. |
front 12 land grant | back 12 a tract of land given by the government, as for colleges or railroads. |
front 13 standard time zones | back 13 A condition created by the railroad companies because efficient RR transportation needed to be regulated and directed |
front 14 vertical integration | back 14 Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution |
front 15 horizontal integration | back 15 An act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth. |
front 16 trust | back 16 A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition. |
front 17 interlocking directorates | back 17 A board of directors, the majority of whose members also serve as the board of directors of a competing corporation |
front 18 plutocracy | back 18 society ruled by the wealthy |
front 19 injunction | back 19 A judicial order to a party to do or stop doing something |
front 20 company town | back 20 A town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company. |
front 21 Social Darwinism | back 21 A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies. |
front 22 "survival of the fittest" | back 22 Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection |
front 23 scabs | back 23 Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike |
front 24 lockout | back 24 When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached |
front 25 yellow dog contract | back 25 an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development. |
front 26 blacklist | back 26 A list circulated among employers containing the names of persons who should not be hired |
front 27 nonproducers | back 27 Bankers and merchants; use connections to increase wealth to the disadvantage of producers (farmers/artisans); Whigs; Federal economic development include tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements; bankers, businessmen, farmers in good regions, wealthy planters; |
front 28 anarchists | back 28 people who oppose all forms of organized government |
front 29 socialism | back 29 A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. |
front 30 craft union | back 30 union made up of skilled workers in a specific trade or industry |
front 31 closed shop | back 31 A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment. |
front 32 Union Pacific Railroad | back 32 Congress commissioned this railroad to push westward from Omaha, Nebraska to California |
front 33 Central Pacific Railroad | back 33 A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah |
front 34 Crédit Mobilier | back 34 a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. |
front 35 Pullman Palace Cars | back 35 luxury passenger cars that were built and were very popular for travelers |
front 36 Grange | back 36 an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies |
front 37 Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois | back 37 A Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. |
front 38 Mesabi Range | back 38 A section of low hills in Minnesota owned by Rockefeller in 1887, it was a source of iron ore for steel production. |
front 39 Standard Oil Company | back 39 Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. |
front 40 Bessemer process | back 40 A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. |
front 41 United States Steel | back 41 Created by J.P. Morgan from Carnegie's holdings; became the first billion dollar Corporation |
front 42 Gospel of Wealth | back 42 This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. |
front 43 Sherman Anti-Trust Act | back 43 First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions |
front 44 American Tobacco Company | back 44 A company formed by the Duke family of Virginia after the invention of a machine for rolling cigarettes. The invention of the machine and the growing popularity of cigarettes provided a market for the company's ready-made cigarettes. Tobacco was the one industry that the South dominated in the late 19th century. |
front 45 Interstate Commerce Act | back 45 Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices |
front 46 National Labor Union | back 46 The first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers. |
front 47 Knights of Labor | back 47 Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked |
front 48 Haymarket Square | back 48 Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed. |
front 49 American Federation of Labor | back 49 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. |
front 50 alternate mile-square | back 50 checkerboard division of land grants given to railroad companies to incentivise them to build railroads. |
front 51 Land Grants to Railroads | back 51 Property would be given to railroad companies by the government in order to encourage transportation |
front 52 Paddies | back 52 term for irish men, took jobs with pick and shovel work on canals and railroads- many died |
front 53 Big Four | back 53 "The Big Four" was the name popularly given to the famous and influential businessmen, philanthropists and railroad tycoons who built the Central Pacific Railroad, (C.P.R.R.), which formed the western portion through the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, built from the mid-continent at the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean during the middle and late 1860s. Composed of Leland Stanford, (1824-1893), Collis Potter Huntington, (1821-1900), Mark Hopkins, (1813-1878), and Charles Crocker, (1822-1888), the four themselves however, personally preferred to be known as "The Associates. |
front 54 James J. Hill | back 54 Driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder" |
front 55 steel rails | back 55 replaced the older technology of iron rails |
front 56 standard gauge | back 56 the uniform width of 4 feet, 8.5 inches for railroad tracks, adopted during the 1880s |
front 57 Westinghouse air brake | back 57 the marvelous contribution to railroad safety and efficiency which was generally adopted in he 1870s |
front 58 Jay Gould | back 58 United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) |
front 59 Stock Watering | back 59 Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back. |
front 60 pool | back 60 An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits. |
front 61 Kickbacks | back 61 gifts given by suppliers to purchasing agents for the purpose of influencing their choice of suppliers |
front 62 Wabash Case (1886) | back 62 was a United States Supreme Court case that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Limited States' rights |
front 63 Richard Olney (1835-1917) | back 63 The pugnacious successor to James G. Blaine as secretary of state, serving from 1895 to 1897, he stirred up conflict with Great Britain during the Venezuelan Crisis of 1895-1896. He also insisted on the protection of American lives and property and on reparations for losses incurred during violent disturbances in Cuba, China, and Turkey. |
front 64 Liquid capital | back 64 Money or goods that are easily spendable, think about how easy it is to spend money vs. land. |
front 65 heavy industries | back 65 The coal, iron, and steel sectors and the machinery and armaments production associated with them. |
front 66 capital goods | back 66 Buildings, machines, technology, and tools needed to produce goods and services. |
front 67 consumer goods | back 67 products and services that satisfy human wants directly |
front 68 Andrew Carnegie | back 68 A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. |
front 69 philanthropic | back 69 charitable, giving |
front 70 Drake's Folly | back 70 First successful oil well drilled by Edwin Drake in Pennsylvania; poured out its liquid "black gold" in 1859; almost overnight, an industry was born that was to take more wealth from the earth, and more useful wealth at that, than all of the gold extracted by the forty-niners and their western successors |
front 71 kerosene | back 71 a light fuel oil obtained by distilling petroleum, used especially in jet engines and domestic heaters and lamps and as a cleaning solvent. |
front 72 internal combustion engine | back 72 an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine |
front 73 Reckafellow | back 73 nick-name for John D. Rockefeller |
front 74 Gustavus Swift | back 74 In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry. |
front 75 William Graham Sumner | back 75 He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor. |
front 76 Social Darwinism | back 76 The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. |
front 77 David Ricardo (1772-1823) | back 77 English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth. |
front 78 Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) | back 78 Populations have the potential to increase at a faster rate than resources As a result there is intense competition among individuals Eugenicist |
front 79 Russell Conwell "Acres of Diamonds" | back 79 Baptist minister and his lecture, supporter of "wealth is available to all" theory. gave this lecture more than 6000 times between 1880 and 1900 |
front 80 Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad | back 80 in 1886 this supreme court case regarded corporations as people and upheld their 14th amendment rights. It protected the railroads against "unequal" taxation. |
front 81 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) | back 81 First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions |
front 82 Henry W. Grady | back 82 editor of the Atlanta Constitution, who spearheaded a crusade to build a prosperous "New South" centered around Atlanta |
front 83 New South | back 83 After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role. |
front 84 Trust Busting | back 84 Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts. |
front 85 Gibson Girl | back 85 The idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by Charles Dana Gibson. |
front 86 Oligarchy of money | back 86 *small group having control of most of the money DATE: 1900 1/10th of the people owned 9/10ths of the nations wealth. EXAMPLE TODAY (SYNTHESIS): NY Times reported, "Fewer than four hundred families are responsible for almost half the money raised in the 2016 presidential campaign, a concentration of political donors that is unprecedented in the modern era." |
front 87 Corporation | back 87 A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts |
front 88 Strikebreakers (Scabs) | back 88 Non-union workers hired as replacements for striking employees in order to break a union. |
front 89 Iron Clad Oaths / Yellow Dog Contracts: | back 89 A tool of Management and Industry - A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company |
front 90 May Day Strikes (1886) | back 90 the Knights of Labor became involved in a number of these strikes in 1886, about half of which failed; strikes against the McCormick Reaper Company after management had cut their wages three times |
front 91 Mother Jones | back 91 a dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business. She then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg, and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions. Helped pave the way for reform. |
front 92 Labor Day, 1894 | back 92 Was made a legal holiday as the public started to concede the rights of workers. Passed as a result of government overstep in the Pullman strike. |