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113 notecards = 29 pages (4 cards per page)

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Genetics

front 1

What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

back 1

It uses the energy created by ATP to break the hydrogen bonds between two DNA strands, thereby "unzipping" the molecule.

front 2

The replication fork __________________.

back 2

is the point where DNA helicase is "unzipping" the double-stranded DNA molecule.

front 3

What is the function of stabilizing proteins?

back 3

They hold the separated strands apart and prevent their degredation.

front 4

The replication fork moves ___________.

back 4

ahead of the newly synthesized DNA.

front 5

What must occur for an organism to pass its genetic information on to its offspring?

back 5

The parent must copy its own DNA and provide a copy to its offspring.

front 6

The process of copying DNA prior to cell replication is known as _____________.

back 6

DNA replication.

front 7

What is meant by semiconservative replication?

back 7

The new copies of DNA contain one original strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA

front 8

What serves as the template for DNA replication?

back 8

each of the original DNA strands

front 9

Which enzyme(s) can synthesize new strands of DNA?

back 9

DNA polymerase

front 10

Why is primase essential for DNA replication?

back 10

It provides a 3' end of the newly synthesized strand, allowing DNA polymerase to begin copying DNA.

front 11

DNA synthesis occurs in which direction?

back 11

From 5' to 3' on both the leading and lagging strands.

front 12

How does the DNA polymerase know which nucleotide triphosphate to add to the growing strand?

back 12

It hydrogen-bonds the nucleotide to the parental strand, pairing adenines to thymines and guanines to cytosines.

front 13

What might happen if the cell does not have RNAse?

back 13

The newly made chromosome would consist of DNA and RNA molecules.

front 14

How many RNA primers are required for the leading strand of DNA replication?

How many for the lagging strand of DNA?

back 14

One RNA primer

multiple RNA primers

front 15

What is the function of the connector proteins?

back 15

They link the leading strand DNA polymerase and the lagging strand DNA polymerase together.

front 16

Okazaki fragments are typically ____ nucleotides in length and are found on the ______ strand of DNA replication.

back 16

1000 and Lagging

front 17

Name the 4 steps of lagging strand DNA replication.

back 17

1. Primase adds an RNA primer
2. DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strand in the
5' to 3' direction.
3. RNAse removes the RNA Primer.
4. Okazaki fragments are joined together.

front 18

Name the three products of transcription

back 18

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

front 19

The role of transcription is ___________________.

back 19

to copy the information stored in DNA into RNA.

front 20

_______ is used to make ribosomes

back 20

rRNA

front 21

_______ is involved in bringing amino acids to the ribosomes

back 21

tRNA

front 22

_______ is a copy of a DNA sequence used to make protein

back 22

mRNA

front 23

In general, higher levels of transcription lead to ______________________.

back 23

higher amounts of protein.

front 24

Name three functions of RNA polymerase

back 24

It binds to the promoter region of the gene prior to starting RNA synthesis, adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule, and reads the template strand of DNA.

front 25

How does protein-dependent termination differ from protein-independent termination?

back 25

Protein-dependent termination involves the use of a protein to end transcription.

front 26

Translation

back 26

the process of making protein from RNA.

front 27

Ribosomes move along the mRNA in which direction?

back 27

5' to 3'

front 28

Name three things involved in translation

back 28

ribosomes, amino acids, and mRNA

front 29

What is the order of ribosomal sites that a charged tRNA molecule passes through?

back 29

A site, P site, E site

front 30

The anticodon sequence is found on the __________.

back 30

tRNA.

front 31

An amino acid is considered charged ____________.

back 31

when it is bound to its correct tRNA.

front 32

mRNA is not a part of the initiation process.

T or F?

back 32

True

front 33

Release factors _______________________and ________________________.

back 33

bind to the A site

are coded by stop codons

front 34

Name 3 genetic elements found in an operon

back 34

operator region, structural genes, and promoter

front 35

Where does the activation and repression of an operon occur?

back 35

operator region

front 36

Inducible operons are transcribed only ____________________.

back 36

when they are activated.

front 37

Repressible operons are always transcribed unless
_________________________________.

back 37

they are deactivated by a repressor

front 38

The structural genes of an operon typically have the same biochemical function in the cell.

T or F?

back 38

True

front 39

What does the inducer bind to in the lac operon system?

back 39

repressor proteins

front 40

Which genetic element codes for the repressor protein?

back 40

the regulatory gene

front 41

___________ _______ bind to the operator, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes.

back 41

Repressor proteins

front 42

When is the regulatory gene transcribed?

back 42

Always

front 43

What ceases when lactose is absent from the system.

back 43

Induction of the operon

front 44

The inducer acts by ________?

back 44

turning off the repressor

front 45

Allolactose serves as ___________?

back 45

an inducer

front 46

The trp operon is always activated unless __________________________________________.

back 46

deactivated by a repressor

front 47

What is the role of tryptophan in the trp operon?

back 47

It activates the repressor proteins.

front 48

Why is the transcription of structural genes of the trp operon turned off in the presence of tryptophan?

back 48

The structural genes are used to make tryptophan, which would not be needed if tryptophan is available.

front 49

What is the target of the activated repressor protein?

back 49

the operator region of the operon

front 50

The repressor gene is always _____________.

back 50

transcribed

front 51

Activated repressor proteins bind to the operator region, preventing ______________________________.

back 51

RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes

front 52

Which mutation is the least likely to be harmful to a cell?

back 52

silent mutation

front 53

A mutation that results in the presence of a stop codon in the middle of the genetic code is a _____________.

back 53

nonsense mutation

front 54

What type of mutation can change all subsequent amino acids following it?

back 54

fragment mutation

front 55

A chemical that can increase the rate of mutations.

back 55

mutagen

front 56

Base pair substitutions that can result in what 3 types of mutations

back 56

silent, nonsense, and missense

front 57

How frequently does an error occur in DNA replication in the absence of a mutagen?

back 57

one error for every 1,000,000,000 nucleotides copied

front 58

What is a potential source of mutations from ionizing radiation?

back 58

The resulting Ions and free radicals can break chromosomes.

front 59

Ethidium bromide can result in _________________.

back 59

frameshift mutations via insertion or deletion of nucleotides.

front 60

X-rays would be considered which type of mutagen?

back 60

ionizing radiation

front 61

5-bromouracil is an example of a ___________ _______.

back 61

nucleoside analog

front 62

Enzymes known as photolyases are involved in which type of repair?

back 62

light repair mechanism

front 63

How can a mismatch repair enzyme detect which strand contains the correct DNA sequence?

back 63

The original strand will likely have a methyl group attached, while the newly mutated strand will not.

front 64

Name the 2 repair mechanisms that require assistance from DNA polymerase to make the correction?

back 64

excision-repair mechanism AND mismatch-repair mechanism

front 65

Light repair mechanism does not involve the removal of nucleotides?

T or F

back 65

True

front 66

Name 2 repair mechanisms that might be involved in repairing a mutation that results from exposure to UV light

back 66

light-repair mechanism AND

excision-repair mechanism

front 67

The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is an example of ______________ _________ _____________.

back 67

Horizontal gene transfer

front 68

Transcription is NOT a type of horizontal gene transfer.

T or F

back 68

True

front 69

Name 3 types of horizontal gene transfer.

back 69

conjugation, transformation, and transduction

front 70

Recombinant

back 70

A cell that has incorporated new DNA as part of its own

front 71

Cells that are naturally able to take up DNA from their environment

back 71

competent

front 72

Why do S strains escape killing by host phagocytes?

back 72

They are encapsulated.

front 73

What reason most likely explains the recovery of S strain from a mouse injected with heat-killed S strain mixed with living R strain?

back 73

The R strain picked up the S-strain DNA, enabling it to produce capsules.

front 74

T or F?

S strains are capable of causing disease in mice.

back 74

True

front 75

___________ are unable to cause disease in mice.

back 75

R strains

front 76

R strains do not produce a _________.

back 76

capsule

front 77

Generalized transduction is initiated by ___________.

back 77

the lytic cycle of viral replication

front 78

Transduction

back 78

the transfer of bacterial DNA from one host to another via a bacteriophage

front 79

What would be a fate of a bacterium infected by a generalized transducing bacteriophage?

back 79

integration of the packaged DNA into the host chromosome

front 80

The process of generalized transduction requires a _______ ______________.

back 80

lytic bacteriophage

front 81

The process of generalized transduction utilizes any fragment of the bacterial chromosome.

T or F?

back 81

True

front 82

Generalized transduction is the result of ________________________?

back 82

Sloppy packaging of the DNA by bacteriophage

front 83

What 2 things initiate specialized phage transduction?

back 83

Prophage integrates into the host genome

AND

bacteriophage enters lysogeny

front 84

Two terms that could describe the newly infected host of a specialized transducing bacteriophage

back 84

recipient cell AND

recombinant cell

front 85

What is packaged by the bacteriophage during induction?

back 85

the phage DNA with some of the host DNA

front 86

What is the purpose of bacterial conjugation?

back 86

to transfer DNA between two living cells

front 87

Why is E. coli considered the model of bacterial conjugation?

back 87

The process of conjugation is best characterized in E. coli.

front 88

T or F?

After conjugation, each cell involved has a copy of the shared DNA.

back 88

True

front 89

What is unique about the DNA transferred between two cells during conjugation?

back 89

It is transferred by a single strand

front 90

3 chronological events of conjugation

back 90

Pulling of donor and recipient cells together,
Fusion of the cell membranes, Transfer of the DNA

front 91

What characteristics do F+ and F- cells share?

back 91

each contain a chromosome

front 92

Following conjugation between a donor and a recipient, what cell types are present?

back 92

two F+ cells

front 93

F plasmid

back 93

fertility factor

front 94

What DNA molecule is transferred between cells during conjugation between an F+ and an F- cell?

back 94

a single stranded F plasmid

front 95

The 4 chronological events of conjugation

back 95

Attachment of the sex pilus,
Pulling of donor and recipient cells together
Fusion of the cell membranes
Transfer of the F factor

front 96

How does an F+ cell become an Hfr cell?

back 96

By integrating the F plasmid into the chromosome

front 97

What typically results from conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell?

back 97

one Hfr cell and one F- cell

front 98

What does Hfr stand for?

back 98

high frequency of recombination

front 99

Why are F- cells unable to spread the fertility factor?

back 99

F- cells rarely receive a complete copy of the fertility factor during conjugation.

front 100

Name 3 characteristics of an F- cell

back 100

Cannot synthesize a sex pili
absence of fertility factor
Cannot mate with another F- cell

front 101

How long does it take an Hfr strain of E. coli to transfer its complete chromosome?

back 101

100 minutes

front 102

Approximately how long would it take for the serA gene to transfer?

back 102

62 minutes

front 103

If conjugation was allowed to be carried out for 42 minutes, which genes would be transferred to the recipient strain?

back 103

trp

front 104

Which gene would transfer quickest during conjugation for this Hfr strain?

back 104

Fertility factor

front 105

If gene X transferred at 99 minutes, what conclusion could you make about gene X?

back 105

Gene X is close to the fertility factor on the Hfr chromosome, but it is near the end of the chromosome transfer.

front 106

Transposons

back 106

DNA fragments that can move from one location in the DNA to another

front 107

Which type of transposon would contain an antibiotic resistance gene?

back 107

complex transposons

front 108

Insertion sequences are composed of _____________.

back 108

a transposase gene flanked by inverted repeats

front 109

A region of DNA in which the sequence of nucleotides is identical to an inverted sequence on the complementary strand

back 109

inverted repeat

front 110

3 functions of the enzyme transposase

back 110

cuts the DNA so the transposon can leave its current position, cuts the DNA at the new site for a transposon, and covalently links the transposon to the new DNA site.

front 111

How does replicative transposition differ from cut-and-paste transposition?

back 111

Replicative transposition results in multiple copies of the transposon in the DNA; cut-and-paste transposition has only one copy.

front 112

What is unique about complex transposons?

back 112

They have two simple transposons with another DNA sequence between them

front 113

Why is a complex transposon containing an antibiotic resistance gene more likely to be copied than a simple insertion sequence when the host reproduces?

back 113

They confer a survival advantage for the host.