front 1 The LPN/LVN is admitting a patient who has polycythemia in the acute care setting. Which of the following patients best fits the profile of a patient with this disorder? A thin older white woman with a pale complexion An older male with pallor and activity intolerance A middle-aged woman with hypotension and syncope A middle-aged male with elevated blood pressure and an erythematous appearance | back 1 The typical patient with polycythemia is a middle-aged male with elevated blood pressure and an erythematous appearance. The elevated blood pressure results from fluid volume excess, resulting from excessive bone marrow production. The erythema results from increased erythrocytes. A thin older white woman with a pale complexion and an older male with pallor and activity intolerance would better fit the profile of someone with anemia.Hypotension and syncope are not classic signs or symptoms of polycythemia. These could be signs/symptoms of numerous disorders, including dehydration, cardiac dysfunction, and other disorders.REF: Page 1508 |
front 2 What is the most severe risk for a patient with agranulocytosis? Infection Pain Malnutrition Spreading their germs to other patients | back 2 infection The most severe risk for a patient with agranulocytosis is that of infection. Agranulocytosis is a potentially fatal condition of the blood characterized by a severe reduction in the number of granulocytes. Both the WBC count and the differential neutrophil counts are extremely low. The patient with this disorder is highly susceptible to a life-threatening infection. Although pain may be a symptom of the disease, it is not the most severe risk for the patient. Although malnutrition may result from the general malaise that accompanies the disease, it is not the most severe risk for the patient. The risk for the patient with agranulocytosis is acquiring—not spreading—an infection.REF: Page 1509 |
front 3 The nurse is caring for an elderly patient diagnosed with pernicious anemia. What does this type of anemia result from? blood loss or hemorrhage .the absence of a glycoprotein intrinsic factor secreted by the gastric mucosa .exposure to viral invasion, medications, chemicals, radiation, or chemotherapy in which the hemopoietic tissue is replaced by fatty marrow, causing a defect in RBC production. an abnormal crescent-shaped red blood cell containing a defective hemoglobin molecule. | back 3 the absence
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front 4 Which of the following is the main diagnostic feature of Hodgkin’s disease? Reticulum cell sarcoma Reed-Sternberg cells Bence Jones proteinPhiladelphia chromosome | back 4 Reed-Sternberg cells are atypical histiocytes consisting of large, abnormal, multinucleated cells in the lymphatic system found in Hodgkin disease. Reticulum cell sarcoma is a common type of lymphoma, but is not the diagnostic feature of Hodgkin disease. Bence Jones protein is found in the urine of a patient with multiple myeloma. Philadelphia chromosome is found in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia.REF: Page 1524 |
front 5 The nurse is caring for a patient with hemophilia. Which of the following nursing diagnoses would be expected on the nursing care plan? Select all that apply.
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front 6 A patient with leukemia is susceptible to hemorrhage. Which blood dyscrasia makes the patient susceptible to this? Anemia Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia Infiltration of WBCs into patient organs | back 6 Thrombocytopenia associated with leukemia makes a patient susceptible to hemorrhage. Without sufficient numbers of thrombocytes, the body is unable to clot blood. It is essential that nursing care be delivered in a safe and gentle manner. Anemia in the patient with leukemia would manifest itself as fatigue and pallor. Leukopenia in the patient with leukemia would render the patient vulnerable to infection, which could be life threatening. The usual inflammatory process to control infection is decreased. Frequent observation for signs and symptoms of infection is essential. Infiltration of WBCs into patient organs is not a blood dyscrasia, although it does occur in leukemia. Infiltration of WBCs into patient organs leads to problems such as splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone pain, meningeal irritation, and oral lesions. Enlarged lymph nodes and painless splenomegaly may be the first manifestations of the disease in some patients.REF: Page 1513 |
front 7 What is a grave disease process in which the patient experiences both bleeding and intravascular clotting at the same time? von Willebrand disease Multiple myeloma Lymphedema Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | back 7 Disseminated intravascular coagulation, or DIC, is a grave disease process in which the patient experiences both bleeding and intravascular clotting at the same time. It results from the overstimulation of clotting and anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury, including septicemia, obstetrical complications, malignancies, tissue trauma, transfusion reactions, burns, shock, or snake bites. von Willebrand disease is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by abnormally slow coagulation of blood and spontaneous episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, and gingival bleeding caused by a mild deficiency of factor VIII. It is common during postpartum periods, as menorrhagia, and after surgery or trauma. It affects both women and men. Multiple myeloma is a malignant neoplastic immunodeficiency disease of the bone marrow. The tumor, composed of plasma cells, destroys osseous tissue, especially in flat bones, causing pain, fractures, and skeletal deformity. Lymphedema is a primary or secondary disorder characterized by the accumulation of lymph in soft tissue and edema. This can be caused by obstruction, increased amount of lymph, or removal of lymph channels and nodes; it may be hereditary.REF: Page 1519 |
front 8 That blood type is considered the “universal recipient”? Type A Type B Type AB Type O | back 8 Type AB blood is considered to be the “universal recipient” because it contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in its plasma. Therefore it does not clump any donor’s RBCs containing A or B antigens. The RBCs of type A contain type A antigen and the plasma contains anti-B antibodies. The RBCs of type B contain type B antigen and the plasma contains anti-A antibodies. Type O blood contains neither A nor B antigens. It can be used in an emergency as donor blood without the danger of anti-A or anti-B antibodies clumping its RBCs. Type O blood is known as the “universal donor.”REF: Pages 1493-1494 |
front 9 What is increased when the term “shift to the left” is used when referring to the WBC differential? Eosinophils Neutrophils BandsMonocytes | back 9 Bands, or immature polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are in their final stage of development. In a severe infection, the bone marrow releases these immature cells, because it has used up its reserve. When the band count exceeds 8% of the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (“polys”) this is called a “shift to the left.” Eosinophils are WBCs that play a role in allergic reactions and are effective against certain parasitic worms. Normal values of eosinophils are 1% to 4%. Neutrophils are granular circulating leukocytes essential for phagocytosis and release of lysozyme. The normal value of neutrophils is 60% to 70%. Monocytes are WBCs that function similarly to neutrophils. They circulate in the bloodstream and move into tissue, where they engulf foreign antigens and cell debris. Normal values of monocytes are 2% to 6%.REF: Page 1492 |
front 10 What is the preferred diagnostic test for evaluating deep lymph nodes?
| back 10 A CT scan is now the preferred diagnostic test for evaluating deep lymph nodes. It is less invasive than lymphangiography, requires less patient preparation, and has no major side effects. MRI is not the preferred diagnostic test for evaluating deep lymph nodes, although it can be used to evaluate the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Lymphangiography used to be the preferred method of evaluating deep lymph nodes in the past; however, with the advent of CT and MRI, these newer technologies are now preferred. A peripheral smear is not relevant for evaluating deep lymph nodes. A peripheral smear is an examination of the size, shape, and structure of individual red blood cells and platelets. This is useful in differentiating various forms of anemias and blood dyscrasias.REF: Page 1496 |
front 11 The nurse is caring for a patient with a new pacemaker. Nursing care for this patient would include which of the following? Monitoring the heart rate and rhythm by apical pulse and ECG patterns Bed rest for 24 hours Scheduling of an MRI to verify pacemaker placement performing range-of-motion exercises every 4 hours to the arm on the pacemaker side for the first 2 days | back 11 Monitoring the heart rate and rhythm by apical pulse and ECG patterns Nursing care for a patient with a new pacemaker would include closely monitoring heart rate and rhythm by apical pulse and ECG patterns. Also, vital signs and level of consciousness are checked frequently. The insertion site is observed for erythema, edema, and tenderness, which could be signs of infection. Bed rest for 24 hours is not necessary for a patient with a new pacemaker. Nursing care for a patient with a new pacemaker would include bed rest for the first few hours only, unless unexpected complications occurred. Scheduling of an MRI to verify pacemaker placement would be inappropriate. The patient must avoid proximity to high-output generators and to large magnets, such as MRI scanners. Performing range of motion every 4 hours to the arm on the pacemaker side would be inappropriate. The arm on the pacemaker side should be immobilized for the first few hours, and the patient should not raise the arm above his or her head for several days. After this time, normal activities can be resumed.REF: Page 1551 |
front 12 Which of the following cardiac markers is specific to the heart, not influenced by skeletal muscle trauma or renal failure, and rises 3 hours following a myocardial infarction? CK-MB troponin I homocysteine myoglobin | back 12 troponin I |
front 13 Which of the following is the correct impulse pattern of the cardiac conduction system? Pacemaker→Bundle of His→SA node→Bundle branches Purkinje fibers→SA node→Right and left bundle branches→AV node SA node→AV node→Bundle of His→Right and left bundle branches→Purkinje fibers Pacemaker→SA node→Bundle of His→AV node→Purkinje fibers | back 13 SA node→AV node→Bundle of His→Right and left bundle branches→Purkinje fibers |
front 14 Which of the following is/are true statements regarding angina pectoris? Select all that apply.
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front 15 The nurse is caring for an older woman with cardiac disease. How does the older cardiac patient differ from the younger cardiac patient? The cardiac output tends to be increased in the older adult. The younger adult tends to have a more extensive network of collateral circulation than the older adult. Dyspnea is a typical symptom of a myocardial infarction in the younger adult, whereas angina is the more common symptom in the older adult. Even with lower doses of medications, the older adult should be observed for signs and symptoms of toxicity. | back 15 Even with lower doses of medications, the older adult should be observed for signs and symptoms of toxicity. Even with lower doses of medications, the older adult should be observed for signs and symptoms of toxicity, because the rate of drug metabolism and excretion decreases with age. The older adult should be encouraged to maintain regular contact with his or her physician and to seek care at the first sign of problems. The cardiac output tends to be decreased in the older adult due to changes in cardiac musculature and reduced efficiency and strength. Progressive coronary artery changes can lead to the development of collateral coronary circulation. The older adult tends to have a more extensive network of collateral circulation than the younger adult. Angina is a typical symptom of a myocardial infarction in the younger adult, whereas dyspnea may be a more common symptom in the older adult, owing to the severity of signs and symptoms being modified by the development of collateral circulation.REF: Page 1542 |
front 16 A patient was admitted yesterday for a myocardial infarction. Which of the following statements is true regarding treatment for a patient with myocardial infarction? Thrombolytic agents, such as aspirin, are used to minimize infarct size and maximize heart function. Thrombolytic agents must be initiated within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in order to be effective. Morphine sulfate is contraindicated in a patient with a myocardial infarction due to its effects on the central nervous system. The patient with an acute myocardial infarction will be on bed rest with commode privileges for 24 to 48 hours. | back 16 The patient with an acute myocardial infarction will be on bed rest with commode privileges for 24 to 48 hours. The patient with an acute myocardial infarction will be on bed rest with commode privileges for 24 to 48 hours. After this period, activities are resumed gradually, depending on the size of the infarct and patient characteristics. A program of cardiac rehabilitation will be designed for the patient and implemented. Thrombolytic agents are used to minimize infarct size and maximize heart function. Aspirin is an antiplatelet medication, not a thrombolytic agent. Thrombolytic agents must be initiated within 3 to 5 hours of the onset of symptoms to be effective, although it is most effective if administered within 30 minutes to 1 hour. Morphine sulfate is useful for the patient with a myocardial infarction, because it helps with vasodilation of coronary arteries, relief of pain, and reduction of apprehension. It also decreases myocardial oxygen demands, reduces contractility, and slows the heart rate.REF: Page 1562 |
front 17 In evaluating risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which of the following does the nurse identify as a modifiable risk factor? Family history of cardiovascular disease Age Active lifestyle Hyperlipidemia | back 17 Hyperlipidemia |
front 18 Of the following, which is the most serious type of arrhythmia? Atrial fibrillation Ventricular fibrillation Supraventricular tachycardia Sinus bradycardia | back 18 Ventricular fibrillation Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency that will result in death if left untreated. It is a state whereby the ventricles are quivering with disorganized electrical and mechanical activity. Prompt treatment, including CPR and defibrillation, are essential and must be performed promptly (ideally within 20 seconds) to give the patient the best chance of recovery. Atrial fibrillation, although serious, is not as imminently life threatening as ventricular fibrillation. In atrial fibrillation, electrical activity is disorganized, and the atria quiver at a rate of 350 to 600/min rather than contract in an organized manner. Ventricular response may be 100 to 180 beats per minute, and the patient experiences decreased cardiac output along with symptoms of palpitations, dyspnea, syncope, light-headedness, decreased level of consciousness, and pulmonary edema. Treatment involves slowing the ventricular rate, treating the atrial irritability, and treating the cause of the arrhythmia. Supraventricular tachycardia is the sudden onset of a rapid heartbeat, originating in the atria. It is characterized by a pulse rate of 150 to 250 beats per minute. The patient with supraventricular tachycardia may experience palpitations, light-headedness, dyspnea, and angina. Sinus bradycardia is a slow rhythm that originates in the SA node and is characterized by a rate of less than 60 beats per minute. Causes can be sleep, vomiting, intracranial tumors, myocardial infarction, vagal stimulation, endocrine disorders, and hypothermia. It may be completely normal in athletes. Treatment of sinus bradycardia depends on the cause.REF: Page 1548 |
front 19 What diagnostic test allows observation of real time movement via radiography? Fluoroscopy Angiography Echocardiography Cardiac monitoring | back 19 Fluoroscopy Fluoroscopy is the diagnostic test that allows observation of real time movement via radiography. This is invaluable for placement of pacemakers and intracardial catheter placement. Angiography is a series of radiographs taken following administration of contrast dye. This test aids in diagnosis of vessel occlusion, pooling in various heart chambers, and congenital abnormalities. Echocardiography uses high-frequency ultrasound directed at the heart. The reflected sound is recorded, outlining size, shape, and position of cardiac structures. This is useful in detecting pericardial effusion, evaluating ventricular function, cardiac chamber size and contents, ventricular muscle and septal motion and thickness, cardiac output, cardiac tumors, valvular function, and congenital heart disorders. Cardiac monitoring records the cardiac electrical activity of patients. A cardiac monitor displays information transferred via the conductive electrodes, which transfer electrical activity of the heart and relay it to a video display screen. This is useful for patients with known or suspected arrhythmias, or patients who may be likely to develop arrhythmias.REF: Page 1537 |
front 20 What is the correct impulse pattern of the cardiac conduction system?
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The impulse pattern of the cardiac conduction system is as follows: SA node→AV node→Bundle of His→Right and left bundle branchesàPurkinje fibersREF: Page 1535 |