front 1 which of the following is a characteristic of the lens?
| back 1
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front 2 Which of the following is the basic taste quality responsible for the "beef taste" of steak?
| back 2 Umami |
front 3 Which middle ear ossicle is attached to, and transmits vibratory motion to, the oval window?
| back 3 stapes |
front 4 * An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the ________.
| back 4 otoliths |
front 5 If retinal detachment occurs in the macula lutea, one can predict that there would be a significant loss of ______.
| back 5 color vision |
front 6 What is the main function of the rods in the eye?
| back 6 vision in dim light |
front 7 the receptor organ for hearing is the ______.
| back 7
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front 8 Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following?
| back 8 olfactory |
front 9 Farsightedness is more properly called ________.
| back 9
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front 10 The final step in perceiving sound is __________. A. the tympanic membrane vibrates B. the auditory cortex is stimulated C. the cochlear hair cells are stimulated D. the cochlear nerve is stimulated | back 10 B. the auditory cortex is stimulated |
front 11 Receptors for hearing are located in the ________. A. tympanic membrane B. cochlea C. semicircular canals D. vestibule | back 11 B. cochlea |
front 12 The blind spot of the eye is where ________. A. more rods than cones are found B. the macula lutea is located C. only cones occur D. the optic nerve leaves the eye | back 12 D. the optic nerve leaves the eye |
front 13 Which cranial nerve transmits information about our sense of equilibrium? a) optic | back 13 d) vestibulocochlear |
front 14 There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? a) bipolar cells | back 14 b) ganglion cells |
front 15 Light passes through the following structures in which order? a) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor | back 15 a) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor |
front 16 Infrasonic frequencies below ___ Hz are not detected by the human
ear, whereas ultrasonic frequencies above ___ Hz are inaudible
vibrations | back 16 C. 20; 20,000 |
front 17 Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a
very loud noise? | back 17 B. cochlear hair cells |
front 18 The visible colored portion of the eye is the __________. a) cornea | back 18 c) iris |
front 19 Most taste buds are located __________. a) in the pharynx | back 19 d) on the tongue |
front 20 Which of the following cranial nerves carries only sensory information? A. abducens B. trigeminal C. olfactory D. oculomotor | back 20 C. olfactory |
front 21 The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________. A. cochlear duct B. utricle C. macula D. semicircular canals | back 21 C. macula |
front 22 Motion sickness seems to ________. a) respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins b) respond best to medication that "boosts" vestibular inputs c) result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs d) result om activation of nausea centers in the brain stem | back 22 c) result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs |
front 23 The sensation of loudness or the volume of a sound is detected by
________. | back 23 A) greater movement of the basilar membrane resulting in greater deflection of the hair cells |
front 24 Dancers will use a technique called "spotting" when they
perform spins of the body. By holding their head and eyes on a fixed
point in front of them as their body spins they reduce the amount of
head spinning and this prevents dizziness. Which of the following is
the most likely explanation for why this works? B) This helps keep the motions detected by the eyes congruent (aligned) with the motions sensed by the vestibular apparatus. C) This will help to reduce the lateral flection of the head and will prevent hyper polarization or depolarization of the hair cells in the macula. D) Reducing the inertia of head spin will reduce the flow of endolymph that deflects the hair cells of the crista ampullaris. | back 24 D) Reducing the inertia of head spin will reduce the flow of endolymph that deflects the hair cells of the crista ampullaris. |
front 25 Which of the following structures is not part of the external
ear? | back 25 D) pharyngotympanic tube |
front 26 Tom is a 45-year-old male that has lost his ability to hear high
frequency sounds. The most likely explanation for this would be
________. | back 26 C) damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct |
front 27 A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear. Which of the
following is likely to be a result? | back 27 D) The patient will not be able to localize the origin of sounds. |
front 28
* Labyrinthitis is a medical condition often caused by viral
infection, resulting in swelling and inflammation of the membranous
labyrinth. Which of the following symptoms would you most associate
with the condition of labyrinthitis? | back 28 B) loss of balance and dizziness |
front 29 If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The
best explanation for this is ________. | back 29 A) sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain |
front 30 What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? a) cornea b) iris c) lens d) pupil | back 30 b) iris |
front 31 Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________. a) has no nerve supply b) is not a living tissue c) does not contain connective tissue d) has no blood supply | back 31 d) has no blood supply |
front 32 Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve A. accessory B. abducens C. trigeminal D. vestibulocochlear | back 32 D. vestibulocochlear |
front 33 Which of the following is NOT an accessory structure of the eye?
| back 33
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front 34 Which accessory eye structures function to produce the tears that
cleanse and protect the eye? | back 34 C) lacrimal glands |
front 35 What part of the eye constitutes the blind spot? | back 35 B) optic disc |
front 36 Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ________.
| back 36 D) substances in solution |
front 37 Bitter taste is elicited by ________.
| back 37
|
front 38 If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The
best explanation for this is ________. | back 38 A) sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain |
front 39 Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes ________. | back 39 A) allows us to subconsciously estimate the distance of objects based on the different angles the image strikes our two retinas |
front 40 Color vision has much greater resolution than night vision (vision
that is mostly in shades of gray). Which of the following is the best
explanation for why this is so? | back 40 A) A single cone photoreceptor often connects to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell while as many as 100 rods will converge to a single ganglion cell. |
front 41 Select the statement below that is not true with regards to the
process of light adaptation. | back 41 B) Visual acuity is diminished. |
front 42 Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.
| back 42
|
front 43 Photoreceptors are modified neurons. However, they differ from most
neurons in the fact that ________. | back 43 C) photoreceptors will hyperpolarize when stimulated |
front 44 What term means that the lens can change shape so that the eye can
focus on items either close at hand or far away? | back 44 b) accommodation |
front 45 There are __________ auditory ossicles in the ear.
| back 45 3 |
front 46 If the optic chiasma is destroyed but the rest of the visual pathway
to the brain is not damages, the result would be _____ | back 46 b) loss of peripheral vision on both the far right and far left sides of the visual field |
front 47 The boundary between the external and middle ear is the ____ | back 47 d) tympanic membrane |
front 48 Where are the equilibrium receptors located? | back 48 a) in the semicircular canals and in the vestibule of the ear |
front 49 Ceruminous glands are ____ | back 49 a) modified apocrine sweat glands |
front 50 Which structure in the eye provides nutrition to all eye layers? a) ciliary body | back 50 c) choroid |
front 51 Which photoreceptors respond to very dim light? a) rods b) macula c) retina d) cornea | back 51 a) rods |
front 52 Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye ________. | back 52 D) cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma |
front 53
* The oval window is connected directly to which
passageway? | back 53 A) scala vestibuli |
front 54 The major function of the conjunctiva is to: | back 54 d) produce mucus to prevent the eyes from drying out. |
front 55 As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti),
________. | back 55 A) outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane |
front 56 What prevents the eyelids from sticking together when the eyes
close? | back 56 C) tarsal gland secretions |
front 57 The first "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye,
after there has been partial crossover of the fibers in the optic
chiasma, is the ________. | back 57 B) lateral geniculate body of the thalamus |
front 58 Which of the following is a role of the vitreous humor? | back 58 d) It supports the posterior surface of the lens. |
front 59 Even though we have two eyes, why do we normally see only one
image? | back 59 c) Information from each eye goes to both hemispheres for processing. |
front 60 Ringing in the ears is called: | back 60 d) tinnitus. |
front 61 Which ear ossicle connects to the inner ear? | back 61 d) stapes |
front 62 Which of the following is the best explanation for why night vision
is fuzzy and indistinct? | back 62 C) The foveae are densely packed with cones. |
front 63 Which of the following is the best explanation of why it is difficult
to discriminate the color of an object at night? | back 63 A) Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. |
front 64 Nutrients are delivered and waste products are carried away from the
cells of the posterior segment of the eye by blood vessels. However,
the cells in the cornea and lens (in the anterior segment) are
avascular. Which is the best explanation for how these cells are
maintained? | back 64 C) The aqueous humor is continuously replenished and flows from the ciliary process to drain in the scleral venous sinus. |
front 65 * Which of the following describes a response of the eye to sympathetic stimulation?
| back 65 3. pupil dilation |
front 66 * The elasticity of the lens decreases with age leading to which of the following? a) less light getting to the retina and diminished visual acuity b) lowered accommodation of the pupillary reflex, and blurry vision c) a clouding of the lens known as a cataract d) less lens accommodation | back 66 d) less lens accommodation |
front 67 * What is the graded potential generated in a special sensory receptor called? a) a local potential b) a sensory potential c) a receptor potential d) an action potential | back 67 c) a receptor potential |
front 68 * What is the order of cells in the retina from back (furthest from pupil) to front (closest to pupil)? a) ganglion - photoreceptor (rod or cone) - bipolar b) photoreceptor (rod or cone) - ganglion - bipolar c) ganglion - bipolar - photoreceptor (rod or cone) d) photoreceptor (rod or cone) - bipolar - ganglion | back 68 d) photoreceptor (rod or cone) - bipolar - ganglion |
front 69 * Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except: a) change in lens curvature b) light adaptation c) eye convergence d) constriction of the pupil | back 69 b) light adaptation |
front 70 * The blind spot of the eye is caused by: a) more rods than cones within the retina b) an absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye c) an absence of cones in the foveae d) the macula lutea interrupting nerve pathways | back 70 b) an absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye |
front 71 * What is the main function of the rods in the eye? a) accommodation for near vision b) depth perception c) color vision d) vision in dim light | back 71 d) vision in dim light |
front 72 * In a person who is color-blind, which of the following would you most expect to see? a) an inability to regenerate cis-retinal after bleaching b) a loss of functions in the rods of their retina c) a loss of their peripheral vision d) absence of green or red cones in their foveae | back 72 d) absence of green or red cones in their foveae |
front 73 * Where does visual processing lead to conscious sensation? a) cerebellum b) occipital lobe of the cortex c) temporal lobe of the cortex d) thalamus | back 73 b) occipital lobe of the cortex |
front 74 * Which cells are responsible for photopic and color vision, but do not function at night? a) ganglion cells b) cones c) rods d) bipolar cells | back 74 b) cones |
front 75 * Which of the following is true about photoreceptors? a) Rods and cones function together in bright light, but only rods function in dim light. b) Rods absorb light over a large part of the visual spectrum but provide only gray tone vision. c) Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow. d) In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis. | back 75 b) Rods absorb light over a large part of the visual spectrum but provide only gray tone vision. |
front 76 * Humans can distinguish several million colors but have cones sensitive to only three (sometimes four) wavelengths of light. What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors?
| back 76 .Activation of various combinations of the three cone types. |
front 77 * Which of these is true of dark adaptation? a) is much faster than light adaptation b) results in inhibition of rod function c) involves accumulation of rhodopsin d) primarily involves improvement of visual acuity | back 77 c) involves accumulation of rhodopsin |
front 78 * What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials? a) horizontal cells b) cones c) ganglion cells d) bipolar cells rods | back 78 c) ganglion cells |
front 79 * Why is it difficult to determine the color of an object at night? a) As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell. b) The fovea is densely packed with cones. c) At night more rods are stimulated than cones. d) Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. | back 79 c) At night more rods are stimulated than cones. |
front 80 * Which of the following is most responsible for our ability to see color? a) Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. b) As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell. c) The foveae are densely packed with cones. d) Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. | back 80 a) Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. |
front 81 * Which of these is true of overlap in the visual fields of our eyes? a) leaves a blind spot in the lateral field of vision b) gives us higher visual acuity by doubling the number of photoreceptors being stimulated c) enables us to estimate the distance of objects d) results in redundant processing for what is essentially the same image | back 81 c) enables us to estimate the distance of objects |
front 82 * Which of these statements about olfaction is true? a) Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually temperature. b) Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors. c) Olfactory receptors bind a single type of chemical. d) Thousands of olfactory receptor types humans enable us to smell complex odors. | back 82 a) Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually temperature. |
front 83 * Which best describes the function of olfactory hairs? a) help move air through nasal passages b) trap inhaled particulates before air reaches lungs c) help transport mucus toward nasopharynx d) increase surface area of neurons receptive to airborne chemicals | back 83 d) increase surface area of neurons receptive to airborne chemicals |
front 84 * Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? a) They are chemoreceptors. b) They have a short life span of about 60 days. c) They are ciliated. d) They are unipolar neurons. | back 84 d) They are unipolar neurons. |
front 85 * Humans can smell as many as 10,000 different odors but have significantly fewer types of olfactory receptors. Which of the following is the best explanation for why humans can distinguish so many smells? a) Taste receptors refine the subtlety of what we smell. b) Olfactory pathways connect to the limbic system where memories are formed and the brain mixes new sensory information with old memories. c) Each smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells. d) Some of the smells we detect are partially real and partially olfactory hallucination, in which the brain fills in missing information. | back 85 c) Each smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells. |
front 86 * Which of the following types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? a) olfactory receptor cells b) auditory outer and inner hair cells c) retinal ganglion cells d) retinal bipolar cells | back 86 a) olfactory receptor cells |
front 87 * Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it? a) sweet-carbohydrates b) salty-metal ions c) bitter-strong bases (opposite of acid) d) sour-acids | back 87 c) bitter-strong bases (opposite of acid) |
front 88 * Which of the following types of receptors are located in the mouth? a) chemoreceptors only b) chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors only c) thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors only d) chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors | back 88 d) chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors |
front 89 * Which of these taste bitter? a) metal ions b) hydrogen ions c) alkaloids d) acids | back 89 c) alkaloids |
front 90 * Which of these has the most taste buds in an adult? a) walls of the mouth cavity b) vallate papillae c) fungiform papillae d) filiform papillae | back 90 b) vallate papillae |
front 91 * Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? a) In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. b) An action potential is created in gustatory epithelial cells in response to chemical stimuli. c) Gustatory hairs propel mucus to prevent clogging of taste pores. d) Complete adaptation occurs within five minutes. | back 91 d) Complete adaptation occurs within five minutes. |
front 92 * Where are receptors for hearing located? a) vestibule b) cochlea c) semicircular canals d) tympanic membrane | back 92 b) cochlea |
front 93 * Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ? a) macula sacculi b) inner hair cell c) outer hair cell d) macula utriculi | back 93 b) inner hair cell |
front 94 * A 100 dB sound (loud volume) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause the basilar membrane to vibrate __________, ___________the oval window. a) strongly/ close to b) strongly/ far from c) weakly/ close to d) weakly/ far from | back 94 b) strongly/ far from |
front 95 * Which movement of ions produces excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in cochlea hair cells? a) Exit of K+ b) Exit of Ca2+ c) Influx of Na+ d) Influx of K+ and Ca2+ | back 95 d) Influx of K+ and Ca2+ |
front 96 * What frequency range can be detected by the human ear? a) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz b) 5 Hz to 200,000 Hz c) 10 Hz to 10,000 Hz d) 5 Hz to 20 Hz | back 96 a) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz |
front 97 * Select the correct statement about equilibrium. a) Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation continues at a constant rate. b) The weight of endolymph against the maculae is responsible for static equilibrium. c) The crista ampullaris responds to angular acceleration. d) Hair cells involved in both static and dynamic equilibrium only hyperpolarize, resulting in a decreased rate of impulse transmission. | back 97 c) The crista ampullaris responds to angular acceleration. |
front 98 * What is the crista ampullaris associated with? a) angular acceleration b) gravity c) linear acceleration d) high-pitched sounds | back 98 a) angular acceleration |
front 99 * What senses vertical acceleration in an elevator? a) hair cells of the ampulla b) hair cells of the macula utriculi c) hair cells of the macula sacculi d) hair cells of the tectorial membrane | back 99 c) hair cells of the macula sacculi |