Which four body systems interact to allow a person to sneeze?
A Muscular, immune, nervous, respiratory
B Nervous, respiratory, circulatory, skeletal
C Respiratory, endocrine, skeletal, circulatory
D Lymphatic, skeletal, respiratory, muscular

A

Which cell that was viewed is most likely a prokaryote?
F Cell W
G Cell X
H Cell Y
J Cell Z

G

Based on this key, which two fish have eyes located on either side of their head and are not spotted?
A Glassy sweeper and squirrelfish
B Glasseye snapper and spotted eagle ray
C Spotted goatfish and bandtail puffer
D Peacock flounder and glassy sweeper

A

Students are modeling mRNA during the process of protein synthesis. Which answer choice correctly describes the model of the mRNA strand being transcribed?
F The mRNA strand is complementary to the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of adenine is paired with thymine.
G The mRNA strand is complementary to the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of thymine is paired with adenine.
H The mRNA strand is an exact copy of the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of adenine is paired with thymine.
J The mRNA strand is an exact copy of the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of thymine is paired with adenine.

G

The chemical colchicine is used in the production of karyotypes. Colchicine prevents spindle fibers from forming during the cell cycle.

What is a result of preventing spindle fibers from forming?
A The cell cycle skips G phase and repeats G phase. 0 1
B Mitotic division is skipped, and the cell cycle proceeds to cytokinesis.
C Mitotic division stops in metaphase and cannot proceed to anaphase.
D The cell cycle skips S phase and proceeds to G phase

C

A team of students encounters an unknown organism in a field while conducting a biodiversity study. Some students think the organism is a plant, while others think it is a fungus. Which question should the students investigate to classify the organism correctly?
F Is there a cell wall around the cells of the organism?
G Does the organism perform photosynthesis?
H Is there nervous tissue present in the organism?
J Does the organism reproduce sexually?

G

The San Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana, is a light reddish-brown translucent salamander about 2–5 cm in length. E. nana is found only in Spring Lake and a portion of the San Marcos River.
Which human activity would most likely decrease the ability of the salamanders to survive?
A Increasing water consumption that decreases the flow of clean water from the springs that feed the river
B Public transportation that reduces the number of automobiles that contribute to pollution runoff into the river
C Tourism that helps fund the educational programs related to river ecosystem conservation
D The addition of a new food source into the river that limits competition for resources

A

The data in the diagram is evidence that —
F a new species of horse suddenly appeared
G horses slowly developed over time
H horses have similar stages of rapid embryological development
J horses have a common ancestry with other hooved animals

G

Which of these describes the similar functions of capsids and nuclear membranes?
A Both transport proteins throughout the structures.
B Both provide energy for activities in the structures.
C Both protect genetic information for the structures.
D Both code for the proteins needed for reproduction of the structures.

C

Enzymes are proteins that have a three-dimensional shape that is specific to a particular substrate. Environmental conditions can change the shape of the protein.
What is the most likely result if the shape of the enzyme changes?
F The substrate will change its shape to match the enzyme.
G The enzyme will no longer be able to catalyze the reaction with the substrate.
H The products made from the enzyme and the substrate will be changed.
J The enzyme will be able to bind to more diverse substrates than before.

G

Which description best identifies this type of cellular transport?
A Active transport, because energy is being used to move molecules against the concentration gradient
B Facilitated diffusion, because energy is being used to move molecules with the
concentration gradient
C Osmosis, because energy is not being used to move molecules with the concentration gradient
D Endocytosis, because energy is not being used to move molecules against the
concentration gradient

A

Which selective pressure most likely resulted in the development of the aye-aye lemur’s special adaptation?
F Limited availability of water
G Competing for mates
H Large numbers of natural predators
J Food sources that are hard to find

J

C

Gibberellins are hormones produced in the root tips of plants. The plant uses these hormones to stimulate the growth of shoots.
How are gibberellins able to affect other parts of the plant?
F Gibberellins are absorbed through the stomata and attach to chloroplasts.
G Gibberellins are transported through vascular tissues to other parts of the plant.
H Gibberellins become concentrated within the tissues of the plant during mitosis.
J Gibberellins become modified once they infect healthy cells and are later released to infect other cells.

G

D

The populations of which organisms will most likely increase as a result of a disease that suddenly reduced the population of Texas horned lizards?
F Grasses and ants
G Ants and grasshoppers
H Grasshoppers and Texas cottonmouths
J Texas cottonmouths and red-shouldered hawks

G

Which statement provides the best explanation for the difference in biomass of organisms found at each trophic level?
A Organisms at higher trophic levels have less energy available to them than organisms at lower trophic levels.
B Organisms at higher trophic levels require smaller habitats than organisms at lower trophic levels.
C Organisms at lower trophic levels provide less energy than organisms at higher trophic levels.
D Organisms at lower trophic levels outcompete organisms at higher trophic levels.

A

Conservation biologists studying cheetah populations have determined that the lack of genetic diversity among the cheetahs is due to genetic drift.
Which statement explains the most likely consequence of having a low genetic diversity on the cheetah population?
F The chances of a mutation occurring in the cheetah population are decreased, increasing the cheetah survival rate.
G The gene pool remains in equilibrium and future generations of cheetah offspring are stronger and better adapted to their environments.
H The cheetah population becomes less likely to survive an outbreak of a disease or an environmental change, increasing the chance of species extinction.
J Genetic variability is maintained from older cheetah populations that have survived and endured environmental stressors.

H

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genetic modification technique that edits parts of the genome of an organism. Using this technique scientists can add, remove, or modify sections of the DNA sequence.
How can scientists use this technique to control gene expression?
A By activating or deactivating specific genes
B By calculating the number of genes different organisms produce
C By identifying how closely related one individual is to another
D By determining the number of chromosomes in an organism

A

During secondary succession, which of these best describes why decomposing pioneer plants give way to larger, more complex plants species, such as hardwood trees?
F Increased amounts of sunlight are able to reach the ground while the pioneer species are decomposing.
G Increased soil temperatures from decomposing pioneer species help tree seeds germinate more quickly.
H Increased amounts of decomposing pioneer species remove nutrients that tree seedlings need to grow and mature.
J Increased amounts of soil from decomposing pioneer species allow plants with more extensive root systems to become established.

J

Which two systems most directly interact in the fuzzy millipede’s defense against ants?
A Muscular and integumentary
B Immune and muscular
C Integumentary and endocrine
D Endocrine and immune

A

Based on this pedigree, what are the most likely genotypes of individuals I-1 and I-2?
F: (I-1: aa, I-2: Aa)

G :(I-1: AA, I-2: Aa)
H:( I-1: Aa, I-2: aa)
J: (I-1: aa, I-2: AA)

H

When cells lose their ability to regulate the cell cycle, they can divide at an accelerated rate and form a mass of cells. This mass of cells is referred to as —
A a tumor
B an embryo
C a gland
D an organ

A

Which type of mutation does the model demonstrate?
F Deletion
G Insertion
H Substitution
J Translocation

G

Many tree frog populations are threatened due to habitat loss. In an effort to promote conservation, tree frogs may be bred in captivity. A zoo acquired male and female tree frogs from two different populations. In the zoo, the tree frogs were able to successfully mate within their own population, but breeding attempts between the two populations were unsuccessful.
Based on this information, which statement correctly describes the relationship between the two populations of tree frogs?
A They are in the same species but different kingdoms.
B They are in the same class but different phyla.
C They are in the same family but different orders.
D They are in the same genus but different species.

D

In a study of physical endurance, researchers observed significant increases in the heart rates and breathing rates of participants immediately after they engaged in strenuous exercise.
Which statement best explains the increase in the heart rate and the breathing rate during exercise?
F The water concentration in the blood increases.
G Body cells require increased oxygen as energy is expended.
H Muscle cells increase in temperature and require fluid to reduce the temperature.
J An increase in muscle activity causes increases in glucose levels in red blood cells.

G

In 1898 Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch found evidence that the cause of the highly contagious hoof-and-mouth disease in livestock was a microscopic infectious particle. It was discovered that this particle requires a host cell to reproduce.
Which pathogen is most likely responsible for causing hoof-and-mouth disease in livestock?
A A bacterium, because it is contagious
B A fungus, because it infects livestock
C A protist, because it is microscopic
D A virus, because it requires a host cell to reproduce

D

Based on the two diagrams, which list correctly identifies the relationships Glyptapanteles
wasp larvae have with other organisms?
F
• Competition: stinkbugs
• Parasitism: geometrid moths
G
• Competition: geometrid moths
• Commensalism: stinkbugs
• Mutualism: guava and eucalyptus trees
H
• Competition: stinkbugs and geometrid moths
• Commensalism: guava and eucalyptus trees
J
• Parasitism: geometrid moths
• Commensalism: stinkbugs
• Mutualism: guava and eucalyptus trees

F

Male guppies found in areas without predators are more colorful than the ones found in locations with large predator populations. A population of adult guppies originating from an area with a large number of predators is transferred to a nearby area with few predators.
Which of these is most likely to happen over a few generations?
A The mortality rate of the guppies will increase.
B Offspring will stop competing for resources.
C There will be an increase in mutations in the offspring.
D There will be an increase in the number of colorful guppies

D

Grassland ecosystems in Texas have evolved to depend on periodic fires to return nutrients to the soil and encourage plant reproduction. Humans have prevented fires in many of these grassland areas, resulting in plant and animal communities with little diversity. Wildlife biologists often recommend purposefully starting fires called prescribed burns, which are monitored and controlled, in grassland ecosystems every 3 to 4 years. These biologists observe greater diversity in plant and animal life in the years following a prescribed burn.
What natural processes are the biologists attempting to imitate?
F Biomagnification
G Succession
H Population bottleneck
J Species extinction

G

Which system interactions are dependent on the plant’s ability to respond to the direction of light?
A Option 1
B Option 2
C Option 3
D Option 4

D

Exposure to the building material asbestos has been linked to certain types of cancers. Asbestos causes mutations in the p53 gene, which controls tumor suppression. Which statement best explains why people with cancer due to asbestos exposure do not pass the mutation on to their offspring?
F The mutation occurred in gametic cells.
G The mutation occurred in somatic cells.
H The mutation is recessive.
J The mutation is sex-linked.

G

Which of these components are found in the cells of all living organisms?
A Estrogen and testosterone
B Hemoglobin and lymphocytes
C Cytosine and guanine
D Cellulose and chlorophyll

C

Based on this diagram, which two systems interact to maintain homeostasis?
F The nervous and reproductive systems work together to stimulate the production of insulin.
G The circulatory and endocrine systems work together to keep blood sugar levels constant.
H The excretory and nervous systems work together to convert glycogen into glucose.
J The immune and circulatory systems work together to circulate blood through the pancreas.

G

Which role of protists has the most positive effect on maintaining the plant population in an ecosystem?
A Protists are a major food source for animals.
B Protists produce approximately 75 percent of the oxygen on Earth.
C Protists decompose dead materials, returning nutrients to the soil.
D Protists found in the gut of animals assist in digestion.

C

Which list correctly matches the functions to the types of carbohydrates?
F Energy: glycogen and starch, Structure: cellulose and chitin
G Energy: cellulose and chitin, Structure: glycogen and starch
H Energy: chitin and glycogen ,Structure: cellulose and starch
J Energy: cellulose and starch ,Structure: chitin and glycogen

F

Gametes produced by an organism contain a combination of genes from that organism. In every gamete, this combination is —
A the same because it is created from the same DNA
B the same because chromosomes are copied prior to meiosis
C different due to DNA replication prior to mitosis
D different due to independent assortment during meiosis

D

What is the most likely explanation for white-tailed deer having a seasonal breeding cycle instead of a monthly breeding cycle like many domesticated animals?
F Male and female deer come into contact with each other only in the fall.
G Large predators are not found in deer habitats during the spring and summer months.
H Giving birth only in the spring and summer ensures that offspring are born when food is most available.
J Deer give birth in the spring and summer in order to avoid being pregnant during the hot summer months.

H

Which of these is the correct complementary DNA strand for the segment shown?
A 5’ AGGTCAGGT 3’
B 5’ ACCUGAGGU 3’
C 5’ TGGACTGGA 3’
D 5’ TCCAGTCCA 3’

D

Which list describes the types of relationships the sunfish has with other marine organisms?
F: Seabirds: mutualism, Jellyfish: predation, Copepods: parasitism
G: Seabirds: parasitism, Jellyfish: commensalism, Copepods: predation
H: Seabirds: predation, Jellyfish: mutualism, Copepods: commensalism
J: Seabirds: commensalism, Jellyfish: parasitism, Copepods: mutualism

F

Which statement accurately describes the energy needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A Solar energy is needed for cellular respiration but not for photosynthesis.
B Chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
C Chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for photosynthesis, and solar energy is needed for cellular respiration.
D Solar energy is needed for photosynthesis, and chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for cellular respiration

D

H

Which statement is supported by this cladogram?
A Hippopotamuses are more closely related to cows than to javelinas.
B Toothed whales are more closely related to mouse deer than to hippopotamuses.
C Javelinas and pigs are more closely related than baleen whales and toothed whales.
D Cows and mouse deer are more closely related than javelinas and pigs.

A

Some species of millipedes will roll into a ball when threatened, while other species of millipedes can secrete noxious chemicals from their bodies.
These adaptations allow the millipedes to —
F survive in different temperatures
G avoid different types of predators
H conserve different amounts of energy
J blend into different types of environments

G

Which of the following best explains why cells that contain the same genetic material do not develop into the same types of cells?
A Because internal or external stimuli can trigger the activation of specific genes in the DNA of cells
B Because random mutations can occur in the DNA of cells during early embryonic development
C Because messenger RNA is converted to transfer RNA when cell differentiation begins
D Because chemical signals that are released during the cell cycle can result in the linking of similar genes

A

Although these proteins have different specific functions, they all —
F stop chemical reactions within the cell
G synthesize molecules that signal other cells
H help the cell interact with its external environment
J remove large waste particles from the cytoplasm of the cell

H