front 1 Cardiac output is normally expressed as | back 1 liters per minute. |
front 2 The sinoatrial (SA) node is referred to as the _____________ of the heart. | back 2 pacemaket |
front 3 When blood is flowing out of the left ventricle, the bicuspid valve
is __________ and the aortic semilunar | back 3 closed/ open |
front 4 Excess potassium ions in cardiac tissue will cause the heart rate and stroke volume to | back 4 decrease |
front 5 Coronary arteries are _____ when all four heart chambers are relaxed. | back 5 patent (open) |
front 6 During which event of the cardiac cycle are all four valves closed while both the atria and ventricles relax? | back 6 isovolumetric relaxation |
front 7 Because the ventricular myocardium is compressed during ventricular _______, most coronary flow occurs during ventricular _______. | back 7 contraction/ relaxation |
front 8 What variables determine the effects on cardiac output? | back 8 changes in both HR and SV |
front 9 Without a plateau extending the refractory period in cardiac muscle, sarcomeres might be stimulated so quickly that they would contract and not relax and instead would experience a sustained contraction, also called | back 9 tetany |
front 10 Oxygenated blood flows from the __________ to the __________ before being pumped into the systemic circulation. | back 10 left atrium; left ventricle |
front 11 Which of the following does not contribute to the ability of cardiac muscle to meet it's energy demands? | back 11 Glycolytic enzymes |
front 12 What is the correct order of spread of the action potential through the heart's conduction system? | back 12 SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers/cell gap junctions |
front 13 During which event of the cardiac cycle do the atria both relax and contract? | back 13 Ventricular filling |
front 14 Referred pain, often down the left shoulder and arm, in response to myocardial ischemia is called | back 14 angina pectoris. |
front 15 What is the correct order of mechanical events associated with cardiac muscle contraction? | back 15 Calcium entry into the sarcoplasm, calcium binds to troponin, muscle contracts, closing of calcium channels, calcium released from troponin, muscle relaxes |
front 16 Given that cardiac output equals ____________, there are only two ways to change it: change the heart rate or change the stroke volume. | back 16 HR X SV |