In most tribal and village societies, __________.

C) adolescence is only a brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles

Fourteen-year-old Phil experiences muscle growth and notices the growth of body and facial hair.
Which hormone is responsible for this change?

B) testosterone

The first outward sign of puberty is __________.

D) the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt

During puberty, __________.

A) the cephalocaudal growth trend of infancy and childhood reverses

Which statement about sex differences in adolescence is true?

C) The number of red blood cells increases in boys but not in girls.

Brian is a star high school athlete who has recently exhibited severe mood swings and aggressiveness.
An initial health screening indicates that Brian has acne, excess body hair, and high blood pressure.
Brian’s symptoms are consistent with __________.

D) anabolic steroid use

When researchers followed a large, representative sample of U.S. youths from ages 9 to 17, they found
that __________.

B) daily free-time physical activity declined with age, more so for girls than boys

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

B) pubic hair

Female puberty usually concludes with __________.

D) the completion of breast growth

Male puberty usually begins with __________.

B) the enlargement of the testes

Which girl is the most likely to experience puberty first?

B) Jaeda, who is an overweight, middle-SES African American

Girls and (less consistently) boys with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty __________,
whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty __________.

D) early; relatively late

In industrialized nations, age of menarche __________ per decade from 1900 to 1970.

C) declined by about 3 to 4 months

In the United States and a few European countries, __________ are responsible for a modest,
continuing trend toward earlier menarche.

B) soaring rates of overweight and obesity

fMRI evidence reveals that adolescents __________ than adults do.

A) recruit the prefrontal cortex’s network of connections with other brain areas less effectively

Sixteen-year-old Manuel is going to bed later and later, perhaps because of increased neural sensitivity
to evening light. Manuel’s parents should know that he needs about __________ hours of sleep per night.

C) nine

Sleep-deprived adolescents __________.

B) are more likely to suffer from anxiety and irritability

Which statement about the onset of puberty is true?

D) Overall, boys get much less social support than girls for the changes of puberty.

Virtually all __________ know about __________ ahead of time, but many say that no one spoke to
them before or during puberty about physical changes.

A) boys; ejaculation

Ceremonies such as the Jewish bar or bat mitzvah and the quinceañera in Hispanic communities
resemble the initiation ceremonies of many tribal and village societies, but they __________.

A) do not mark a significant change in social status in the larger society

Western adolescents __________.

B) are granted partial adult status at many different ages

Which statement about adolescent moodiness is true?

B) Younger adolescents’ mood swings are strongly related to situational changes.

Which teenage boy is the most likely to feel profoundly lonely?

A) 15-year-old Maurice, who spends Saturday night at home

Which statement about parent‒child relationships in adolescence is true?

B) Psychological distancing is a modern substitute for leaving the family around the time of puberty.

Ann-Marie is having frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter. You can let her know that by
late adolescence, __________.

A) only a small minority of families experience continuing friction

Jason, a late-maturing boy, is likely to __________.

C) experience transient emotional difficulties

Both adults and peers view Randy as relaxed, independent, and physically attractive. Both groups view Maria as physically attractive, lively, and sociable. Which statement is likely to be true?

C) Randy is an early-maturing boy, and Maria is a late-maturing girl.

Early-maturing European-American girls tend to report a __________.

B) less positive body image than their on-time agemates

Early-maturing adolescents of both sexes __________.

C) often seek out older companions

Follow-up research reveals that __________, especially, are at risk for lasting difficulties.

D) early-maturing girls

__________ is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers.

D) Frequency of family meals

Disturbed eating is highest in __________.

C) Western nations

Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true?

B) During the past half-century, cases of anorexia have increased sharply, fueled by cultural admiration of
female thinness.

Clarence’s 14-year-old daughter, Annie, has been diagnosed with anorexia. Clarence can expect that
Annie __________.

D) has an extremely distorted body image

Which parent–child relationship is the most common among anorexic teenagers?

A) overprotective and controlling mothers and either controlling or uninvolved fathers

Which statement about individuals with anorexia nervosa is true?

B) They usually deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder.

Rose suffers from anorexia nervosa. You can tell her parents that the most successful treatment for
Rose is probably __________.

C) family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances

Carlie engages in binge eating, followed by deliberate vomiting, purging with laxatives, excessive
exercise, and strict dieting or even fasting. Carlie suffers from __________.

C) bulimia nervosa

Individuals with bulimia nervosa usually __________.

A) feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits

Binge-eating disorder __________.

B) typically leads to overweight and obesity

Sexual attitudes in North America are __________.

B) relatively restrictive

Typically, North American parents __________.

A) rarely talk about sex in their children’s presence

__________ is linked to early and frequent teenage sexual activity.

D) Childhood impulsivity

Which statement about the sexual behavior of U.S. adolescents is true?

B) In general, U.S. boys’ and girls’ rates of sexual intercourse are similar.

Early sexual activity is more common among young people from __________.

B) economically disadvantaged homes

Which statement about contraceptive use in adolescence is true?

C) Self-regulation is difficult for teenagers, who often overlook the potential consequences of risky
behaviors.

Which set of siblings is most likely to share a homosexual orientation?

B) Reagan and Kennedy, who are identical twins

Girls __________ are more likely to develop lesbian or bisexual orientations.

B) exposed prenatally to very high levels of androgens or estrogens

Which statement about sexual orientation is true?

A) Attraction to members of the same sex is not limited to lesbian, gay, and bisexual teenagers.

Many gay men and lesbians say that they first sensed their biologically determined sexual orientation
between ages __________, when they discovered __________.

C) 6 and 12; their play interests were more like those of the other gender

Which statement about self-acceptance among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths is true?

D) Coming out can foster self-esteem, psychological well-being, and relationships with family and
friends.

Young people from ages 15 to 24 __________.

D) have the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections of all age groups

Which teen is the most likely to contract a sexually transmitted infection?

B) Ross from the United States

Studies show that most adolescents __________.

C) are poorly informed about how to protect themselves against STIs

Which statement about the spread of STIs, including HIV, is true?

D) It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female as for a female to infect a male.

The number of teenage births is considerably lower in the United States than it was 50 years ago
because __________.

B) about one-fourth of adolescent pregnancies end in abortion

Which statement about adolescent mothers is true?

D) Very few give up their infants for adoption.

Compared with adult mothers, adolescent mothers __________.

B) perceive their babies as more difficult

Sex education __________.

D) must help teenagers build a bridge between what they know and what they do

In Canada and Western Europe, where community- and school-based clinics offer adolescents
contraceptives and where universal health insurance helps pay for them, __________ than in the United
States.

D) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much lower

According to the most recent nationally representative survey of U.S. high school students, 47 percent
of tenth graders have tried __________.

A) drinking

If Krystal is like 21 percent of U.S. students, by twelfth grade she will __________.

C) have tried at least one highly addictive and toxic substance

Occasional drug experimenters are __________.

C) usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young people

Adolescent drug experimentation __________.

B) should not be taken lightly, because a single heavy dose can lead to permanent injury or death

School and community programs that reduce drug experimentation __________.

B) teach skills for resisting peer pressure

Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development __________.

C) no longer require concrete things or events as objects of thought

According to Piaget, 12-year-old Bula __________.

A) can “operate on operations”

Kia, age 14, uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Therefore, when faced with a problem, Kia
probably __________.

D) starts with a hypothesis from which she deduces logical, testable inferences

Adolescents presented with Piaget’s famous pendulum problem __________.

B) isolate and test each variable, as well as testing the variables in combination

Which child is the most likely to evaluate the logic of statements only by considering them against
concrete evidence in the real world?

D) Wiley, age 9

Which statement is supported by follow-up research on formal operational thought?

A) School-age children show the glimmerings of hypothetico-deductive reasoning, although they are less
competent at it than adolescents.

With respect to propositional thought in an entirely verbal mode, young children have great difficulty
reasoning from premises that contradict reality or their own beliefs because they

C) fail to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning

When faced with a propositional reasoning problem, 17-year-old Iris is likely to __________.

D) justify her reasoning by explaining the logical rules on which it is based

In an Israeli study of seventh to ninth graders, after controlling for participants’ age, researchers found
that __________ fully accounted for early adolescent gains in propositional thought.

D) years of schooling

In adolescence, __________.

C) inhibition improves

The ability to distinguish theory from evidence and use logical rules to examine their relationship
__________.

A) improves steadily from childhood into adolescence

Sophisticated metacognitive understanding is vital for __________.

B) scientific reasoning

Scientific reasoning __________.

C) develops gradually out of many specific experiences

Donette is extremely self-conscious. She believes that she is the focus of everyone else’s attention and
concern. Donette is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________.

B) the imaginary audience

The imaginary audience is most likely responsible for adolescents’ __________.

C) self-consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism

Fourteen-year-old Myles is certain he will be a professional baseball player. When his mother makes
him stay home from practice because he has strep throat, Myles says, “You are ruining my life! You have
no idea how hard it is to miss out on something you love to do!” Myles is experiencing a cognitive
distortion known as __________.

B) the personal fable

Mr. Vogt is frustrated with his daughter’s exaggerated sense of her personal uniqueness. One way he
could deal with this is to __________.

A) encourage a more balanced perspective by pointing out that he had similar feelings as a teenager

Ms. Diehl notices that her son has difficulty making everyday decisions and is sensitive to public
criticism. She can help her son by __________.

D) offering information about the likelihood of various outcomes

In a study of sixth through tenth graders, __________ predicted self-esteem and overall positive
adjustment.

D) sense of omnipotence

Fifteen-year-old Mary, who has become critical of her parents and siblings, envisions a world with no
injustice or discrimination. This is typical of the __________ that manifests from adolescents’ capacity to
think about possibilities.

C) idealism

Compared with adults, in decision making, adolescents __________.

D) are more enticed by the possibility of immediate reward

In making decisions, teenagers __________.

B) take far greater risks than adults in their twenties

Students report that their __________ school teachers care less about them and are less friendly than
their __________ school teachers.

A) middle and high; elementary

Which statement about school transitions is true?

C) Adolescents facing added strains at school transitions are at greatest risk for academic difficulties.

Leigh is a depressed teenager who shows a persisting pattern of poor self-esteem, motivation, and
academic achievement. For students like Leigh, the transition to high school __________.

D) often marks a rise in out-of-school problem behaviors

Which high school is the most likely to help its students adjust to the school transition?

B) East High, which provides homerooms that offer counseling

__________ parenting is linked to higher grades in school among adolescents varying widely in SES.

D) Authoritative

High-achieving students typically have parents who __________.

B) remain invested in their teenagers’ education and keep tabs on academic progress

Nearly three-fourths of U.S. teenagers __________.

A) have smartphones

In a study involving weather predictions, media multitaskers __________.

B) activated subcortical areas involved in implicit memory

Compared to students grouped by ability into higher tracks, those in low tracks __________.

D) experience reduced teacher expectations

The decline in the overall U.S. high school dropout rate since the mid-2000s is largely due to

B) substantial gains in Hispanic teenagers’ graduation rates

The dropout rate in the United States is higher among __________ and is particularly high among
low-SES __________.

C) boys than girls; ethnic minority youths

Lane is considering dropping out of high school and finding a job. Lane should know that dropouts
__________ than high school graduates.

D) are more likely to remain in menial, low-paid jobs

Compared to students placed in a college preparatory track, students placed in general education and
vocational tracks __________.

C) are three times as likely to drop out of high school

Most potential high school dropouts need __________.

A) intensive remedial instruction in small classes

To work well, vocational education must __________.

B) integrate academic and job-related instruction

Programs that __________ can make staying in school easier for at-risk adolescents.

C) offer flexible work‒study arrangements

Which at-risk high school student is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?

A) Hank, who attends a school with 500 students

More than two-thirds of U.S. high school dropouts __________.

D) finish their secondary education by their mid-twenties