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AAD CH 1

front 1

Dr. Langley’s work is devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. Dr.
Langley’s field of study is __________.

back 1

D) developmental science

front 2

Although great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of investigators who study
development, they share a single goal: to identify __________.

back 2

D) those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death

front 3

Developmental science is __________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people
from many fields of study.

back 3

A) interdisciplinary

front 4

A theory of development __________.

back 4

B) describes, explains, and predicts behavior

front 5

According to the __________ view of development, the difference between the immature and mature
being is simply one of amount or complexity.

back 5

D) continuous

front 6

The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.

back 6

C) infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

front 7

Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the
__________ perspective.

back 7

C) discontinuous

front 8

New evidence increasingly emphasizes that __________.

back 8

D) people not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop

front 9

Tammy’s father is an exceptional gymnast. When Tammy was just a toddler, her father believed that
Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast. Tammy’s father probably believes that athletic
ability is mostly determined by __________.

back 9

C) nature

front 10

Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes sensitive
caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin’s mother emphasizes the role of
__________ in development.

back 10

A) nurture

front 11

Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome
by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.

back 11

B) stability

front 12

Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that __________.

back 12

A) change in response to influential experiences is possible

front 13

Increasingly, researchers view human development as __________.

back 13

D) a perpetually ongoing process

front 14

The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is __________.

back 14

B) multidimensional and multidirectional

front 15

According to the lifespan perspective, __________ is supreme in its impact on the life course.

back 15

D) no age period

front 16

Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that __________.

back 16

C) development is plastic at all ages

front 17

Which statement provides an example of an age-graded influence?

back 17

B) Frank got his driver’s license at age 16.

front 18

People born during the baby boom between 1946 and 1964 tend to be alike in ways that set them apart
from people born at other times, due to __________ influences.

back 18

B) history-graded

front 19

__________ influences are irregular and do not follow a predictable timetable.

back 19

A) Nonnormative

front 20

Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father,
she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty’s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to
development is known as __________.

back 20

B) resilience

front 21

The most consistent asset of resilient children is __________.

back 21

A) a strong bond with a competent, caring adult

front 22

The baby boomers __________.

back 22

D) were labeled a narcissistic, indulged, “me” generation

front 23

As a generation, the baby boomers are __________ than any previous mid- or late-life cohort.

back 23

D) healthier, better educated, and financially better off

front 24

__________ is regarded as the founder of the child study movement.

back 24

B) G. Stanley Hall

front 25

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.

back 25

D) natural selection; survival of the fittest

front 26

G. Stanley Hall and his student Arnold Gesell __________.

back 26

B) launched the normative approach

front 27

Arnold Gesell __________.

back 27

A) was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents

front 28

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon __________.

back 28

D) constructed the first successful intelligence test

front 29

The first successful intelligence test was originally constructed to __________.

back 29

C) identify children with learning problems for placement in special classes

front 30

Dr. Torrez believes that how conflicts between biological drives and social expectations are resolved
determines a person’s ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety. Dr. Torrez
accepts the __________.

back 30

A) psychoanalytic perspective

front 31

Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory __________.

back 31

A) on the basis of his adult patients’ memories of painful childhood events

front 32

Psychosexual theory emphasizes that __________.

back 32

C) how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for
healthy personality development

front 33

__________ theory was the first to stress the influence of the early parent‒child relationship on
development.

back 33

B) Freud’s

front 34

One criticism of Freud’s psychosexual theory was that it __________.

back 34

A) did not apply in other cultures

front 35

Dr. Singh believes that a basic psychosocial conflict, which is resolved along a continuum from
positive to negative, determines healthy or maladaptive outcomes at each stage of development. Dr.
Singh’s beliefs are aligned with those of which theorist?

back 35

C) Erik Erikson

front 36

Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate
focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the __________ perspective of
development.

back 36

C) behaviorist

front 37

Ivan Pavlov discovered __________.

back 37

B) classical conditioning

front 38

In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that __________.

back 38

C) children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus

front 39

According to operant conditioning theory, __________.

back 39

D) the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers

front 40

Baby Gabriella claps her hands after her mother does. Gabriella is displaying __________.

back 40

C) observational learning

front 41

According to __________ theory, modeling is a powerful source of development.

back 41

C) social learning

front 42

Today, Albert Bandura’s theory stresses the importance of __________.

back 42

C) cognition

front 43

Cindy tells her daughter, “I know you can do a good job on that homework” because she believes that
if she encourages persistence, her daughter will start to view herself as hardworking and high-achieving.
Cindy is applying the __________ approach.

back 43

D) social-cognitive

front 44

The goal of applied behavior analysis is to __________.

back 44

B) eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses

front 45

Behaviorism and social learning theory __________.

back 45

C) offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences

front 46

According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, __________.

back 46

A) children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

front 47

Central to Piaget’s theory is the concept of __________.

back 47

B) adaptation

front 48

According to Jean Piaget, __________ is the balance between internal structures and information that
children encounter in their everyday worlds.

back 48

D) equilibrium

front 49

Four-year-old R’Monte engages in make-believe play. He stirs beads in a bowl and says, “Soup is
ready!” According to Piaget, R’Monte is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

back 49

B) preoperational

front 50

Sydney, when faced with a problem, starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates
and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget’s __________ stage of
development.

back 50

D) formal operational

front 51

Piaget’s critics point out that __________.

back 51

B) his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences

front 52

The information-processing approach views the human mind as a __________.

back 52

D) symbol-manipulating system through which information flows

front 53

Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks.
Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

back 53

B) information-processing

front 54

54. Like Piaget’s theory, the information-processing approach __________.

back 54

C) regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking

front 55

The findings of information-processing researchers have important implications for __________.

back 55

C) education

front 56

Dr. Rizvi studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person’s cognitive
processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology,
biology, neuroscience, and medicine. Their approach to development is known as __________.

back 56

D) developmental cognitive neuroscience

front 57

Developmental social neuroscience __________.

back 57

C) is devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social
development

front 58

Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for __________.

back 58

A) ethology

front 59

Observations of imprinting led to which major concept in human development?

back 59

C) the critical period

front 60

What did John Bowlby believe?

back 60

B) The infant‒caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships.

front 61

Evolutionary developmental psychology __________.

back 61

B) seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change
with age

front 62

Dr. Whiren studies how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Dr. Whiren’s research best aligns
with the perspective of which theorist?

back 62

C) Lev Vygotsky

front 63

Vygotsky’s emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.

back 63

A) neglect the biological side of development

front 64

Ecological systems theory views the person as __________.

back 64

B) developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding
environment

front 65

Dr. Redmund characterizes his view of development as a bioecological model. His perspective is
aligned with that of which theorist?

back 65

B) Urie Bronfenbrenner

front 66

According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the
__________.

back 66

A) microsystem

front 67

The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner’s model is the __________.

back 67

B) macrosystem

front 68

Toby moved with his family just before he entered fourth grade. In ecological systems theory, the
move represents a change in Toby’s __________.

back 68

D) chronosystem

front 69

Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
all stress __________.

back 69

B) changes in thinking

front 70

Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers.
Dr. George’s prediction is an example of a __________.

back 70

C) hypothesis

front 71

Which major theory of human development emphasizes plasticity at all ages?

back 71

D) lifespan perspective

front 72

Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of __________.

back 72

D) research methods

front 73

Which statement describes a strength of naturalistic observation?

back 73

A) It allows investigators a view of participants’ everyday lives.

front 74

Dr. Wu observes children’s responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example
of a(n) __________.

back 74

B) naturalistic observation

front 75

In a __________, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.

back 75

C) structured observation

front 76

One limitation of systematic observation is that it __________.

back 76

B) tells investigators little about the reasoning behind behaviors

front 77

Self-reports __________.

back 77

C) range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests

front 78

One major strength of the clinical interview is that it __________.

back 78

B) can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period

front 79

The parents at Central Elementary School responded to a multiple-choice questionnaire that asked
them what they considered the most important activity they do with their child. This questionnaire is an
example of a __________.

back 79

A) structured interview

front 80

Structured interviews __________.

back 80

A) do not yield the same depth of information as clinical interviews

front 81

Which research method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

back 81

D) the clinical method

front 82

Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of
research?

back 82

C) case study

front 83

The clinical method __________.

back 83

D) yields richly detailed case narratives that offer valuable insights

front 84

Which statement describes a limitation of the clinical method?

back 84

C) The findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant.

front 85

Which research method was borrowed from the field of anthropology?

back 85

A) ethnography

front 86

Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through __________ observation.

back 86

B) participant

front 87

Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents
and children. Jade was using __________.

back 87

B) ethnography

front 88

What is one limitation of the ethnographic method?

back 88

A) Investigators’ cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.

front 89

The two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and
__________.

back 89

B) correlational; experimental

front 90

In a correlational design, researchers __________.

back 90

A) gather information on individuals without altering their experiences

front 91

Students who are foreign-born or first-generation Americans __________ than students of native-born
parents.

back 91

C) often achieve in school as well as or better

front 92

Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents view __________ as the surest way to improve life
chances.

back 92

B) education

front 93

Dr. Dias’s research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the
surviving partner’s physical health. Which conclusion is supported by this study?

back 93

B) The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner’s physical health.

front 94

In correlational studies, a(n) __________ can range in value from +1.00 to −1.00.

back 94

D) correlation coefficient

front 95

Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent
delinquency. This correlation is __________ and __________.

back 95

A) moderate; positive

front 96

Dr. Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between
domestic violence and anger in children. Dr. Anderson should use a(n) __________ design.

back 96

D) experimental

front 97

An experimental design __________.

back 97

C) permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers evenhandedly assign people to treatment
conditions

front 98

In an experiment, the independent variable __________.

back 98

B) is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable

front 99

In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affect children’s emotional
reactions, the dependent variable would be the __________.

back 99

D) children’s emotional reactions

front 100

In an experimental study examining whether children who are read to more often score higher on
vocabulary tests in first grade, the independent variable would be the __________.

back 100

A) frequency of read-alouds

front 101

By using __________ assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the
chances that participants’ characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.

back 101

B) random

front 102

Dr. McBride wants to know if a teacher’s use of encouragement in the classroom affects the
children’s self-esteem. To assign children to treatment conditions, Dr. McBride should __________.

back 102

C) draw the children’s names out of a hat

front 103

In field experiments, researchers __________.

back 103

C) assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings

front 104

Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-grade
classroom. This is an example of a __________.

back 104

D) field experiment

front 105

What is one strength of the cross-sectional design?

back 105

C) It is not plagued with dropout or practice effects.

front 106

In a(n) __________ design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are
noted as they get older.

back 106

C) longitudinal

front 107

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development
because the investigator __________.

back 107

C) tracks the performance of each person over time

front 108

A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can __________.

back 108

A) examine relationships between early and later behaviors

front 109

What is one problem with longitudinal research?

back 109

B) Participants may move away or drop out of the research.

front 110

Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as
a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as __________.

back 110

B) practice effects

front 111

Professor Higgins is concerned about the findings of a longitudinal study on childhood depression
that she conducted between 1985 and 2015 in New York because many of the participants witnessed the
terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Professor Higgins is concerned about __________ effects.

back 111

D) cohort

front 112

In a cross-sectional design, researchers study __________.

back 112

B) groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time

front 113

What is a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research?

back 113

C) Evidence about development at the individual level is not provided.

front 114

Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.

back 114

D) cohort effects

front 115

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, investigators sometimes
use __________ designs, in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.

back 115

A) sequential

front 116

A sequential design __________.

back 116

B) permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating

front 117

Today, research that combines an experimental strategy with __________ approach is becoming
increasingly common.

back 117

C) either a longitudinal or a cross-sectional

front 118

When children are research participants, __________.

back 118

D) informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained

front 119

In his research study, Dr. Johnson gives participants false feedback about their performance.
Consequently, Dr. Johnson should use __________ after the research session is over.

back 119

C) debriefing

front 120

Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if __________.

back 120

B) investigators satisfy institutional review boards that such practices are necessary