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Control growth

front 1 The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by Bacterial chromosomal mutations Synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure Removing the drug from the cell when it enters Alteration of drug receptors on cell targets	back 1 Removing the drug from the cell when it enters
front 2 The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include Bacterial chromosomal mutations Synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure Prevention of drug entry into the cell Alteration of drug receptors on cell targets All of the choices are correct	back 2 All of the choices are correct
front 3 Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat Influenza A virus HIV Herpes zoster virus Respiratory syncytial virus Hepatitis C virus	back 3 HIV
front 4 An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that Blocks penetration Blocks transcription and translation Inhibits DNA synthesis Blocks maturation Bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane	back 4 Inhibits DNA synthesis

front 5 1. Commercial products containing which types of chemicals are more effective at killing microorganisms? Bacteriostatic Lead Bacteriocidal Carbohydrate None of these are correct	back 5 Bacteriocidal
front 6 2.Using toilet bowl cleaner and nonionizing radiation to inanimate surfaces only removes or kills vegetative bacteria. The term that best describes this action is _________. Disinfection Sterilization Antisepsis Degermation None of these are correct	back 6 Disinfection
front 7 3. Which of these metals have antimicrobial properties associated with them? Silver Gold Aluminum Tin Both A and B are correct	back 7 Both A and B are correct
front 8 4.Which of the following types of agents targets protein conformation? Alcohol Hydrogen peroxide Ultraviolet light Detergents Crystal violet	back 8 Alcohol

front 9 5.All of the following are correct about the autoclave, except _________. Sterilization is achieved when steam condenses against the objects in the chamber and raises their temperatures It is effective for sterilizing powders, oils, and waxy substances It is the temperature that kills the microbes, not the pressure itself The duration of the process depends on how full the chamber is It is important not to overload the chamber	back 9 It is effective for sterilizing powders, oils, and waxy substances
front 10 6.Which common hospital pathogen is able to grow abundantly in soap dishes? Salmonella Mycobacteria tuberculosis Escherichia coli Hemophilus influenza Pseudomonas	back 10 Pseudomonas
front 11 7.Historically, which of the following was instilled into the eyes of newborn infants to prevent gonococcal infections? Mercurochrome Triclosan Silver nitrate Phenol Formaldehyde	back 11 Silver nitrate
front 12 8.All of the following are methods of disinfection or sterilization, except _________. Lyophilization Gamma radiation Ethanol Dry oven Triclosan	back 12 Lyophilization

front 13 9.All of the following are benefits of food irradiation, except _________. It can inhibit the sprouting of white potatoes It makes the food less nutritious It can kill bacterial pathogens on the food In can reduce the number of food-borne deaths each year It can kill insects on the food	back 13 It makes the food less nutritious
front 14 10. All of the following are correct about food irradiation, except _________. The World Health Organization does not endorse this process No irradiated food can be sold without clear labeling food is not made radioactive by the process it is approved in the U.S. for beef, chicken, and pork it can lead to a longer shelf life for the irradiated food	back 14 The World Health Organization does not endorse this process
front 15 11.Which of the following is officially accepted as a sterilant and high-level disinfectant? Cresol Glutaraldehyde Silver nitrate Benzalkonium chloride Triclosan	back 15 Glutaraldehyde
front 16 12.Which of the following chemicals is a disinfectant for soft contact lenses? Hypochlorite Hydrogen peroxide Hexachlorophene Glutaraldehyde Alcohol	back 16 Hydrogen peroxide

front 17 13.Which of the following is being used to replace hypochlorites in treating water because of the possibility of cancer-causing substances being produced? Hydrogen peroxide Chloramines Sodium iodide Quaternary ammonium compounds Fluorine	back 17 Chloramines
front 18 14.The sterilizing gas used in a special chamber is _________. Glutaraldehyde Iodophor Chlorine dioxide Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde	back 18 Ethylene oxide
front 19 15.Alcohols _________. At 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids Denature proteins when in a 50-95% solution Are used to disinfect items by soaking Are skin degerming agents All of the choices are correct	back 19 All of the choices are correct
front 20 16.Which control method would not be a suitable choice for killing Mycobacteria in a capped culture tube? 121oC at 15 psi for 15 minutes Ultraviolet (germicidal) light 160oC for 2 hours Gamma rays All of the choices are correct	back 20 Ultraviolet (germicidal) light

front 21 17.The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are _________. Protozoan cysts Endospores Vegetative bacteria and fungi Mycobacterium and Staphylococcus Naked viruses	back 21 Vegetative bacteria and fungi
front 22 18.HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from _________. Human tissues Liquids Air Medical instruments All of the choices are correct	back 22 Air
front 23 19.Disinfection of beverages, such as apple juice, milk, and wine, is optimally achieved by _________. Pasteurization Chlorination Moist heat autoclave Boiling water Filtration	back 23 Pasteurization
front 24 20.The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the __________. Sporicidal time Death phase point Thermal death point (TDP) Thermal death time (TDT) None of the choices are correct	back 24 Thermal death time (TDT)

front 25 21.Dry heat _________. Is used in devices called autoclaves Is less efficient than moist heat Includes tyndallization Cannot sterilize Will sterilize at 121oC for 15 minutes	back 25 Is less efficient than moist heat
front 26 22.Sterilization is achieved by _________. Flash pasteurization Steam autoclave Boiling water Hot water All of the choices are correct	back 26 Steam autoclave
front 27 23.Scrubbing or immersing the skin in chemicals to reduce the numbers of microbes on the skin is _________. Sanitization Degermation Sterilization Disinfection Antisepsis	back 27 Degermation
front 28 24.The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is _________. Sterilization Degermation Antisepsis Sanitization Disinfection	back 28 Antisepsis

front 29 25.Microbiological contaminants are best described as _________. Vegetative microbes present on or in a substance Any and all microbes present on or in a substance Pathogenic microbes present on or in a substance Unwanted microbes present on or in a substance None of the choices are correct	back 29 Unwanted microbes present on or in a substance
front 30 26.Which of the following antimicrobials is contraindicated for children due to permanent tooth discoloration? Penicillin G Erythomycin Gentamicin Vancomycin Tetracycline	back 30 Tetracycline
front 31 27.Which organ is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying foreign chemicals in the blood, including drugs? Kidneys Liver Stomach Gall bladder Spleen	back 31 Liver
front 32 28.A nurse preparing a section of skin for an injection is an example of __________. sanitization disinfection sterilization degerming	back 32 disinfection

front 33 29.the eradication of all organisms including bacterial endospores and viruses (although not prions) in or on an object. disinfection. sanitization sterilization degerming	back 33 sterilization
front 34 30.the removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing disinfection sanitization sterilization degerming	back 34 degerming
front 35 31.The process of filtration is a(n) _______________. antiseptic procedure ineffective method for removing microbes sterilizing method disinfectant method sanitization method	back 35 sterilizing method
front 36 32.Damage to the cell wall will adversely affect a bacterial cell by making it more susceptible to __________. alcohols radiation osmotic pressure high temperature	back 36 osmotic pressure

front 37 33.The process of filtration is a(n) _______________. antiseptic procedure ineffective method for removing microbes sterilizing method disinfectant method sanitization method	back 37 sterilizing method
front 38 34-the process of disinfecting surfaces and utensils used by the public disinfection sanitization sterilization degerming	back 38 sanitization
front 39 35.the use of physical or chemical agents to inhibit or destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects disinfection sanitization sterilization degerming	back 39 disinfection
front 40 36.Which of the following is not a mode of action of an antiviral? Inhibit DNA synthesis Bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane Block transcription and translation Block penetration Block mutation	back 40 Bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

front 41 37.There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because these organisms _________. Do not cause many human infections Are parasites found inside human cells Are not affected by antimicrobics Are so similar to human cells that selective drug toxicity is difficult to achieve Have fewer target sites compared to bacteria	back 41 Are so similar to human cells that selective drug toxicity is difficult to achieve
front 42 38.Antibiotics are derived from all the following, except _________. Staphylococcus Bacillus Streptomyces Cephalosporium Penicillium	back 42 Staphylococcus
front 43 39.Drug-resistant population of microbes arise when _________. Resistant cells become numerous in a population due to their greater vigor Exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells allowing overgrowth of resistant cells Synergy between medications occurs Exposure to drugs causes mutation that produce resistance That patient becomes immune to the drug	back 43 Exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells allowing overgrowth of resistant cells
front 44 40.Bacterial DNA replication requires the enzyme gyrase, but eukaryotic replication does not. Ciprofloxacin (“Cipro”) inhibits gyrase activity. This is an example of _________. Use of an analog An antimetabolite Synergism Selective toxicity Antimicrobial resistance	back 44 Selective toxicity

front 45 41.Synthetic antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are _________. Macrolides Aminoglycosides Nucleic acid analogs Antisense nucleic acids Beta-lactams	back 45 Antisense nucleic acids
front 46 42.Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by _________. Disrupting the formation of the mycolic acid layer of the cell wall Preventing the formation of the alanine-alanine bridges Preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits Blocking the secretion of cell wall molecules from the cytoplasm Prevent the formation of β-lactamases	back 46 Preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits
front 47 43.The CDC issued alerts about a bacterial strain known as NDM1 (New Delhi metalo-lactamase 1). What type of antibiotic resistance is indicated by the name? Removal of the drug via a pump Alteration of the target of the drug Change in the permeability of the drug Overproduction of an enzyme in a key metabolic pathway Inactivation of the drug	back 47 Inactivation of the drug
front 48 44.In the compound lamivudine, an –SH group replaces an –OH group found in cytosine. When used as a medication it will _________. Disrupt lipid membrane structure Disrupt membrane structure Interfere with nucleic acid synthesis Interfere with cell wall synthesis Interfere with protein synthesis	back 48 Interfere with nucleic acid synthesis

front 49 45.The first synthetic antimicrobial widely available for treatment of infections _________ Was an attachment antagonist Disrupted cytoplasmic membranes Interfered with bacterial cell wall synthesis Was a nucleotide analog Was an antimetabolite	back 49 Was an attachment antagonist
front 50 46.Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs? They work faster They are not readily absorbed, so they persist longer They must be administered intravenously They are less stable and consequently have fewer side effects They have a broader spectrum of action	back 50 They have a broader spectrum of action
front 51 47.Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells? Bacterial cells Virus-infected cells Animal cells Fungal cells Both animal and fungal cells	back 51 Bacterial cells
front 52 48.An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following? Cells cannot attach to their hosts The replication of cell, including cancer cells slows down. Ribosomes lose their function Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure The sterols in the cell wall become nonfunctional	back 52 Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure

front 53 49Which mode of antibiotic activity is the most selective target for antibiotics since it will not affect eukaryotic cells? Inhibition of transcription Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Inhibition of translation Inhibition of DNA replication Injury to the plasma membrane	back 53 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
front 54 50.Which antibiotic pictured is not recommended for children due to possible discolorations of their teeth? Penicillin Amphotericin B Tetracycline Chloramphenicol	back 54 Tetracycline
front 55 51.A chemical that kills gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria is described as: selectively toxic. inhibitory. broad spectrum. narrow spectrum.	back 55 broad spectrum.
front 56 52.A drug that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis is: antibacterial. antifungal. antiprotozoal. antiviral.	back 56 antibacterial.

front 57 53.An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that blocks penetration. blocks transcription and translation. inhibits DNA synthesis. blocks maturation. bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.	back 57 inhibits DNA synthesis.
front 58 54.The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by bacterial chromosomal mutations. synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure. removing the drug from the cell when it enters. alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.	back 58 removing the drug from the cell when it enters.
front 59 55.Each of the following result in drug resistance except drug pumped out of the cell. drug used as a nutrient by the cell. drug binding site altered. drug inactivated. drug blocked from entering cell.	back 59 drug used as a nutrient by the cell.
front 60 56.Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except transposons. R-plasmids. conjugation. mutation.	back 60 mutation.

front 61 57.Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as prebiotics. probiotics. lantibiotics. phytobiotics.	back 61 probiotics.
front 62 58.Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice? 20 10 1 0.1	back 62 20
front 63 59.Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include low toxicity for human tissues. high toxicity against microbial cells. do not cause serious side effects in humans. stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids. All of the choices are correct.	back 63 All of the choices are correct.
front 64 60.Selective toxicity refers to damage to pathogenic organisms. damage to prokaryotic cell membranes. damage to the target organisms but not host cells. damage to nucleic acids.	back 64 damage to the target organisms but not host cells.

front 65 61.Drugs that insert on the _____ ribosomal subunit prevent peptide bond formation or inhibit translocation of the subunit during translation. 30S 40S 50S 60S	back 65 50S
front 66 62. Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme, thereby blocking its active site, are called inhibitors. blockers. competitive inhibitors. noncompetitive inhibitors.	back 66 competitive inhibitors.
front 67 63.What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins? synercid penicillinase aztreonam clavulanic acid	back 67 penicillinase
front 68 64.Antibiotics that disrupt bacterial ribosomes can also affect eukaryotic large ribosomal subunit. eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit. ribosomal RNA. eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosomes.	back 68 eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosomes.

front 69 65.Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme, thereby blocking its active site, are called ______. inhibitors blockers competitive inhibitors noncompetitive inhibitors	back 69 competitive inhibitors
front 70 66-Which of the following is the third stage of a disease? Period of convalescence Incubation period Period of decline Prodromal period Period of illness	back 70 Period of illness
front 71 67.Which of these disease stages is most likely to be altered in length if the number of infecting organisms at the start of the infection is very high? Period of convalescence Prodromal period Period of illness Incubation period Period of decline	back 71 Incubation period
front 72 68.Microorganisms that typically colonize a host without causing disease are referred to as the __________. pathogens opportunistic pathogens normal microbiota transient microbes	back 72 normal microbiota

front 73 69. occurs when someone come into direct contact with the infectous lesion or infected body fluid.	back 73 direct transmission
front 74 70.involves the transfer organisms to a person through handling of contaminated instruments and then touching face, eyes, or mouth.	back 74 indirect transmission
front 75 71. spread of disease through moisture containing bacteria or virus. ex: coughing through the air	back 75 droplet infection
front 76 72.What occurs during vehicle transmission?	back 76 Nonliving media transmit the pathogen

front 77 73.Vehicle Transmission, how does media transmit the pathogen?	back 77 Through contaminated water that is ingested, inhaling spores from dust, droplet nuclei of mucus, or eating contaminated food
front 78 74.What is a biological vector?	back 78 Active transmission that is purposeful and part of the microbes life cycle, such as, a bite.
front 79 75.Contact Transmission, What is the distance in which a droplet nuclei would travel to achieve the spread of disease?	back 79 Less than 1 meter
front 80 76. A disease which develops rapidly but lasts only a short time, like influenza	back 80 Acute

front 81 77. A disease which develops slowly, & the symptoms may be less severe but it is likely to continue or recur for periods with continuous shedding of the pathogen. likeGlandular fever, Hepatitis B	back 81 Chronic
front 82 78.The pathogen remains inactive for a time but may be re-activated under certain conditions. Herpes virus (cold sores)	back 82 Latent
front 83 79. The infection produces an immune response without recognisable symptoms. Rubella (German measles)	back 83 Subclinical
front 84 80. "contagious" an INFECTIOUS disease that is readily transmitted from one individual to another..either directly or indirectly. infectious disease transmissible from one human to another (ex: gonorrhea)	back 84 communicable disease

front 85 81. What is a noncommunicable disease?	back 85 a disease that cannot spread and is not caused by a pathogen
front 86 82. - Primary infection:	back 86 initial infection that is later complicated by additional, secondary infections
front 87 83. Localized infection:	back 87 microbe remains in area of entrance (fungal skin infection or wart)
front 88 84 - Systemic infection:	back 88 microbe spreads to several sites, including blood (septicemia, bacteremia, viremia, toxemia)

front 89 85. Mixed infection (polymicrobial):	back 89 infection involves more than one microbe (wound infection, dental caries)
front 90 86. Secondary infection :	back 90 an infection that complicates the primary infection (HIV-primary → pneomonia-secondary)
front 91 87.The reservoir of infection for botulism and tetanus is humans. soil. water. animals. soil AND water.	back 91 soil
front 92 88.The popular name for tetanus is hydrophobia. lockjaw. whooping cough. consumption.	back 92 lockjaw.

front 93 89.The exotoxin produced by C. tetani is tetanoxin. exotetanus. tetanospasmin. endospasmin.	back 93 tetanospasmin.
front 94 90.The disease that involves the muscles and often manifests itself first with spasms of the jaw muscles is polio. rabies. tetanus. gastritis.	back 94 tetanus.
front 95 91.Tetanus prevents the release of neurotransmitters from muscle cells. excitatory neurons. inhibitory neurons. tetano cells.	back 95 inhibitory neurons.
front 96 92. The normal habitat of Clostridium tetani is humans. animals. plants. soil and dust.	back 96 soil and dust.

front 97 93.Production of a neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal cord neurons responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction is a characteristic of Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium difficile. Clostridium tetani.	back 97 Clostridium tetani.
front 98 94.What does Polio invade?	back 98 the central nervous system producing from a subclinical or mild febrile illness to aseptic meningitis, muscle weakness, and paralysis.
front 99 95.What is polio caused by?	back 99 3 distinct types of Enteroviruses (poliovirus 1,2,3)
front 100 96.Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by an organism that enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract? leprosy polio infant botulism adult listeriosis	back 100 leprosy