front 1 Pulmonary Circuit | back 1 blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs |
front 2 Systemic Circuit | back 2 blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues |
front 3 Mediastinum | back 3 medial cavity of the thorax |
front 4 Apex of the heart | back 4 is the lowest superficial part of the heart, points toward lest hip |
front 5 Apical Impulse | back 5 also called the point of maximum impulse (PMI), is the furthermost point outwards (laterally) and downwards (inferiorly) from the sternum at which the cardiac impulse can be felt. The cardiac impulse is the result of the heart rotating, moving forward and striking against the chest wall during systole. |
front 6 Pericardium | back 6 doubled-walled sac that encloses the heart. |
front 7 Fibrous Pericardium | back 7 superficial part of pericardium, protects, anchors and prevents the heart from overfilling |
front 8 Serous Pericardium | back 8 deep to the fibrous pericardium, a thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart. |
front 9 Parietal Layer | back 9 lines the internal surface off the fibrous pericardium and attaches to the large arteries exiting the heart. |
front 10 Pericardial Cavity | back 10 cavity between the serous pericardium that’s filled with serous fluid |
front 11 Epicardium | back 11 Visceral layer of the Serous Pericardium that lines the external heart surface, the first layer of the heart wall. |
front 12 Myocardium | back 12 middle layer of heart wall, composed mainly of cardiac muscle, the layer that pumps |
front 13 Cardiac Skeleton | back 13 connective tissue fibers that reinforce the myocardium internally and anchor the cardiac muscle fibers |
front 14 Endocardium | back 14 inside layer of the heart wall, sheet of endothelium, lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves |
front 15 Left Atria | back 15 left superior chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs |
front 16 Right Atria | back 16 right superior chamber of the heart the receives oxygen-poor blood from the body |
front 17 Left Ventricle | back 17 left inferior chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body |
front 18 Right Ventricle | back 18 left inferior chamber of the heart that pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs |
front 19 Interatrial Septum | back 19 internal partition that divides the heart longitudinally |
front 20 Interventricular Septum | back 20 internal partition that divides the ventricles |
front 21 Coronary Sulcus | back 21 groove in the exterior heart that separates the atria from the ventricls |
front 22 Anterior interventricular Sulcus | back 22 cradles the anterior interventricular artery and marks the anterior position of the septum separating the right and left ventricles |
front 23 Posterior interventricular Sulcus | back 23 cradles the posterior interventricular artery and marks the posterior position of the septum separating the right and left ventricles |
front 24 Auricles | back 24 wrinkled, protruding appendages which increase the atria volume |
front 25 Pectinate Muscle | back 25 muscle bundles on anterior wall of the right ventricle that look like teeth on a comb, exist on the left atria only in the auricle. |
front 26 Fossa Ovalis | back 26 a shallow depression that marks the spot where a small opening existed in the fetal heart |
front 27 Super Vena Cava | back 27 vein returns blood from the body regions superior to the diaphragm into the right atrium |
front 28 Inferior Vena Cava | back 28 vein returns blood from the body regions inferior to the diaphragm into the right atrium |
front 29 Coronary Sinus | back 29 vein collects blood draining from the myocardium into the right atrium |
front 30 Pulmonary Veins | back 30 four veins entering the left atrium transport blood back to the heart from the lungs, best seen on the posterior side |
front 31 Trabeculae Carneae | back 31 irregular ridges of muscle mark the interior walls of the ventricles |
front 32 Papillary Muscle | back 32 cone-like muscle bundles, which play a role in valve function, project into the ventricular cavity. |
front 33 Pulmonary Trunk | back 33 routes blood pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs |
front 34 Aorta | back 34 the largest artery in the body, routes blood pumped from the left ventricle to the body |
front 35 Atrioventricular (AV) Valves | back 35 prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract |
front 36 Tricuspid Valve | back 36 the right (AV) atrioventricular valve, has three flexible cusps (flaps of endocardium reinforced by connective tissue cores) |
front 37 Mitral Valve | back 37 the left (AV) atrioventricular valve, has two flexible cusps (flaps of endocardium reinforced by connective tissue) resembles the two-sided bishop’s miter |
front 38 Chordae Tendineae (heart strings) | back 38 tiny white collagen cords attach each AV valve, anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles. Serve as guide wire |
front 39 Semilunar Valves | back 39 guards the bases of the large arteries from the ventricles, prevents backflow into the ventricles when the ventricles relaxes. |
front 40 Aortic Semilunar Valve | back 40 valve between the left ventricle and the aorta |
front 41 Pulmonary Semilunar Valve | back 41 valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
front 42 Coronary Circulation | back 42 the functional heart supply of the heart, the shortest circulation of the body. |
front 43 Left Coronary Artery | back 43 runs toward the left side of the heart and then divides into two major branches |
front 44 Anterior Interventricular Artery | back 44 follows the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to the interventricular septum. |
front 45 Circumflex Artery | back 45 supplies the left ventricle and the posterior walls of the left ventricle. |
front 46 Right Coronary Artery | back 46 courses to the right side of the heart, where it also gives rise to two branches |
front 47 Right Marginal Artery | back 47 serves the myocardium of the lateral side of the heart |
front 48 Posterior interventricular Artery | back 48 runs to the heart apex and supplies the posterior ventricular walls |
front 49 Cardiac Veins | back 49 any of the veins returning the blood from the tissues of the heart that open into the right atrium either directly or through the coronary sinus |
front 50 Coronary Sinus | back 50 A venous sinus that opens into the right atrium of the heart and serves to drain the coronary veins. |
front 51 Great Cardiac Vein | back 51 one of three large tributaries of the coronary sinus |
front 52 Middle Cardiac Vein | back 52 one of three large tributaries of the coronary sinus |
front 53 Small Cardiac Vein | back 53 one of three large tributaries of the coronary sinus |
front 54 Anterior Cardiac Vein | back 54 empty directly into the right atrium. |
front 55 Angina Infarction | back 55 a thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium |
front 56 Myocardial Infarction (MI) | back 56 Commonly called a Heart Attack, caused by prolonged coronary blockage. |
front 57 Cardiac Muscle Cells | back 57 short, fat, branched, interconnected, striated and contracts by sliding filament mechanism |
front 58 Differences in Cardiac and skeletal contraction | back 58 Means of Stimulation – each skeletal muscle fibers must be stimulated to contract but some cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable
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front 59 Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System | back 59 consists of non-contractile cardiac cells specialized to initiate and distribute impulses throughout the heart |
front 60 Cardiac Pacemaker Cells | back 60 make up the intrinsic conduction system have an unstable resting system potential. |
front 61 Pacemaker Potentials | back 61 the spontaneously changing membrane potentials |
front 62 Atrioventicular (AV) Node | back 62 located in right atrial wall just inferior to the entrance of the superior vena cava, is a part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers, generates impulses and sets the pace of the heart as a whole. The Pacemaker |
front 63 Sinus Rhythm | back 63 the rhythm set by the atrioventicular (AV) node that determines heart rate. |
front 64 Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle | back 64 The bundle of His is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches |
front 65 Right & Left Bundle Branches | back 65 The AV bundle persists only briefly before splitting into these two branches which course along the interventricular septum toward the apex |
front 66 Subendocardial Conducting Network (Purkinje fibers) - | back 66 are located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium, completes the pathway through the inventricular septum, penetrate into the heart apex, and then turning superiorly into the ventricle wall. |
front 67 Arrhythmias | back 67 irregular heart rhythms |
front 68 Fibrillation | back 68 a condition of rapid and irregular heart contractions in which the control of heart rhythm is taken away from the SA node by rapid activity in other heart regions |
front 69 Ectopic Focus | back 69 an abnormal pacemaker appears and takes over heart rate |
front 70 Junctional Rhythm | back 70 describes an abnormal heart rhythm resulting from impulses coming from a locus of tissue in the area of the atrioventricular node, the "junction" between atria and ventricles. |
front 71 Extrasystole | back 71 Ectopic heartbeats are small changes in an otherwise normal heartbeat that lead to extra or skipped heartbeats. They often occur without a clear cause and are most often harmless. The two most common types of ectopic heartbeats are:
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front 72 Heart Block | back 72 is a problem that occurs with the heart's electrical system. This system controls the rate and rhythm of heartbeats. Heart block occurs if the electrical signal is slowed or disrupted as it moves through the heart. |
front 73 Cardioacceleratory Center | back 73 a group of neurons in the medulla from which cardiac sympathetic nerves arise; nerve impulses along these nerves release norepinephrine that increases the rate and force of the heartbeat |
front 74 Cardioinhibitory Center | back 74 a group of neurons in the medulla from which arise parasympathetic fibers that reach the heart via the vagus (X) nerve; nerve impulses along these nerves release acetylcholine that decreases the rate & force of the heartbeat |
front 75 Electrocardiography | back 75 a recording of the electrical changes accompanying the cardiac cycle that can be recorded on the body's surface; may be resting, stress, or ambulatory |
front 76 QRS Complex | back 76 combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (ECG). It is usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing. It corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the human heart. In adults, it normally lasts 0.06 - 0.10 s |
front 77 T wave | back 77 represents the repolarization (or recovery) of the ventricles. |
front 78 P wave | back 78 during normal atrial depolarization, the main electrical vector is directed from the SA node towards the AV node, and spreads from the right atrium to the left atrium. |
front 79 P-R Interval | back 79 measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex. It is usually 120 to 200 ms long. On the usual 25 mm/s ECG tracing, this corresponds to 3 to 5 small boxes. The PR interval reflects the time the electrical impulse takes to travel from the sinus node through the AV node where it enters the ventricles. The PR interval is therefore a good estimate of AV node function. |
front 80 P-Q interval | back 80 the time between the beginning of atrial depolarisation and the beginning of ventricular depolarization. |
front 81 S-T Segment | back 81 the time between the end of S-wave and the beginning of T-wave. Significantly elevated or depressed amplitudes away from the baseline are often associated with cardiac illness. |
front 82 Q-T interval | back 82 the time between the onset of ventricular depolarisation and the end of ventricular repolarisation. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the QT-interval increases linearly as the RR-interval increases |