front 1 What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? | back 1 Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy. |
front 2 The three atoms shown differ in the number of ______. | back 2 neutrons |
front 3 An element has an atomic number of 17 and a mass of 35. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does the element have? | back 3 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons |
front 4 What do these four elements have in common? hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and sodium | back 4 They all have an incomplete valence electron shell. |
front 5 After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with ______. Between a sodium atom and a chlorine atom | back 5 a charge of +1 |
front 6 Which of the following accurately describes what is occurring in the illustrated reaction? between a hydrogen and chlorine atom | back 6 A single covalent bond is formed between carbon and each of the four hydrogen atoms. |
front 7 What explains the negative charge on the oxygen atom within the water molecule? | back 7 Oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the electrons shared within a covalent bond formed between oxygen and hydrogen. |
front 8 The chemical reaction shown at step C is an ______. | back 8 endergonic dehydration synthesis |
front 9 The chloride ion (Cl-) indicated by the arrow is interacting most closely with which of the following? | back 9 a hydrogen atom within a water molecule |
front 10 Kidneys play a major role in helping to maintain proper levels of Na+ and K+ ions in the blood. If the kidneys fail to function properly, one of the direct consequences would be_________. | back 10 impaired nerve impulse transmission |
front 11 What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3? | back 11 alkaline solution |
front 12 All amino acids (such as the four represented in the figure) contain ______. | back 12 an amine group and a carboxyl group |
front 13 Which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme-catalyzed reaction (B) compared to the uncatalyzed reaction (A)? | back 13 Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme. |
front 14 Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body? | back 14 proteins |
front 15 Which of the following is NOT considered a form of matter? | back 15 X rays |
front 16 Which of the following best describes an isotope? | back 16 structurally variant atoms, which have the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
front 17 Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle? | back 17 molecule |
front 18 Which of the following best defines covalent bonds? | back 18 the bond formed when shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms within a molecule |
front 19 Which particle is indicated by the arrow? | back 19 proton |
front 20 Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions? | back 20 hyperbolic |
front 21 Which of the following is NOT a compound? | back 21 oxygen gas |
front 22 If an oxygen atom were to form a chemical bond in which it gained two electrons, it would ______. | back 22 become more stable |
front 23 How many hydrogen atoms will nitrogen bond with to form a stable molecule? | back 23 3 |
front 24 Based on the information in this figure, we can conclude that chlorine has an atomic number of ______. | back 24 17 |
front 25 Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction? | back 25 MgO2 → Mg + O2 |
front 26 Atomic number is equal to the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus. | back 26 False |
front 27 Which of the following is NOT a difference between a compound and a mixture? | back 27 Mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous. |
front 28 Buffers help to stabilize blood pH. | back 28 True |
front 29 Both molecule A and molecule B are classified as ______. | back 29 lipids |
front 30 Suspensions may also be called emulsions. | back 30 False |
front 31 The major function of RNA is to carry out the genetic instructions for protein synthesis. | back 31 True |
front 32 ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable. | back 32 True |
front 33 What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? | back 33 ATP |
front 34 Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water? | back 34 Water acts as a reactant. |
front 35 Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel? | back 35 Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond. |
front 36 In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following? | back 36 a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte |
front 37 Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body? | back 37 chloride |
front 38 Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9? | back 38 pH of 3 |
front 39 Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as? | back 39 steroid |
front 40 Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight? | back 40 carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. |
front 41 The atomic mass of the helium atom shown is ______. | back 41 4 amu |
front 42 The three atoms shown differ in the number of ______. | back 42 neutrons |
front 43 Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic steps involved in enzyme activity? | back 43 The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site. |
front 44 This figure depicts the formation of a(n) ______. | back 44 ionic bond |
front 45 What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond? | back 45 an electrical attraction between opposite charges |
front 46 How many valence shell electrons does the element carbon have? | back 46 4 |
front 47 Which of the following accurately describes what is occurring in the illustrated reaction? | back 47 A single covalent bond is formed between carbon and each of the four hydrogen atoms. |
front 48 What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule? | back 48 hydrogen bond |
front 49 What are the two fundamental roles of DNA? | back 49 to provide the instructions for protein synthesis, and replicate itself before cell division |
front 50 Water ________. | back 50 can form hydrogen bonds |
front 51 Molecule A is a ______. | back 51 phospholipid |
front 52 Which of the following molecular features is found in molecule A, but NOT in molecule B? | back 52 a polar group |
front 53 Which of the following is a primary function of molecule B? | back 53 energy storage |
front 54 Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom? | back 54 protons and neutrons |
front 55 Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom’s mass number but not its atomic number? | back 55 neutrons |
front 56 An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain? | back 56 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons |
front 57 The three atoms shown represent three unique __________. Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium | back 57 elements |
front 58 Which of these elements is most likely to be unstable and therefore radioactive? | back 58 tritium |
front 59 The superscript preceding each hydrogen atomic symbol (H) represents which of the following? | back 59 the mass number of the corresponding atom |
front 60 The three atoms shown represent different __________. Hydrogen, Deuterium, Tritium | back 60 isotopes |
front 61 Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds? | back 61 valence electrons |
front 62 Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not? | back 62 No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability. |
front 63 Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not? | back 63 Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so. |
front 64 Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding? | back 64 atoms |
front 65 What is an ion? | back 65 an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s) |
front 66 When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved? | back 66 the outermost electrons |
front 67 How do ions form ionic bonds? | back 67 Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges. |
front 68 Calcium’s atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion? | back 68 +2 |
front 69 In a covalent bond, | back 69 Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. |
front 70 Covalent bonds: | back 70 involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons. |
front 71 Which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds? | back 71 The electrons are shared unequally. |
front 72 A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond? | back 72 polar covalent bonds |
front 73 Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else? | back 73 polar covalent bonds |
front 74 Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest? | back 74 covalent, ionic, hydrogen |
front 75 Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds? | back 75 Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules. |
front 76 Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds? | back 76 Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas. |
front 77 Which of the following is FALSE? | back 77 The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located. |
front 78 In a solution, the solute is the substance present in the greatest amount. | back 78 False |
front 79 Heterogeneous, will not settle. | back 79 Colloids |
front 80 Heterogeneous, will not settle. | back 80 Suspensions |
front 81 Heterogeneous, will not settle. | back 81 Solutions |
front 82 Will not scatter light. | back 82 Solutions |
front 83 What does CH4 mean? | back 83 There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms. |
front 84 Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds. | back 84 True |
front 85 Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. | back 85 synthesis |
front 86 ATP → ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. | back 86 decomposition |
front 87 Forming glycogen as energy storage in the liver is an example of ________. | back 87 anabolism |
front 88 The pH scale __________. | back 88 is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
front 89 A weak base buffers an acid by completely dissociating and accepting all of the acid's H+. | back 89 False |
front 90 Which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds easily dissociate in water? | back 90 Its unusual polar arrangement allows more substances to dissolve in water than in any other chemical. |
front 91 Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? | back 91 CH4 |
front 92 Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. | back 92 removal of a water molecule between each two units |
front 93 Which of the following is a FALSE statement about carbohydrates? | back 93 The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present. |
front 94 Which of the following is true about lipids? | back 94 Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. |
front 95 The presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other? | back 95 an R group |
front 96 What is represented by the chemicals at A? | back 96 substrates |
front 97 What is represented by the chemical at B? | back 97 protein |
front 98 Which of these terms would best classify the enzyme represented in the figure? | back 98 synthesis |
front 99 Which of the following is true of protein structure? | back 99 Secondary protein structures are caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amine and carboxyl groups. |
front 100 The single most abundant protein in the body is ________. | back 100 collagen |
front 101 The major function of DNA is to store the genetic instructions that are used during protein synthesis | back 101 True |
front 102 The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________. | back 102 sequence of the nucleotides |
front 103 In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________. | back 103 to hold the molecular backbone together |
front 104 Which of the following does not describe uses for the ATP molecule? | back 104 pigment structure |
front 105 What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? | back 105 ATP |
front 106 How many hydrogen atoms will a single carbon atom bond with to form a stable molecule? | back 106 four |
front 107 One carbon atom can combine with two oxygen atoms to form carbon dioxide. Use the diagram to predict the type of bond that would be necessary to join the oxygens to the carbon to form a stable molecule. | back 107 two double bonds |
front 108 After the transfer of the electron, sodium will form an ion with __________. | back 108 a charge of +1 |
front 109 Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. | back 109 III < I < II |
front 110 Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)? | back 110 7 |
front 111 Except for elements 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level? | back 111 8 |
front 112 Suppose the following compounds were all dissolved in separate beakers of water in the same manner as the salt in the figure. Which of the resulting solutions would NOT conduct electricity? | back 112 sucrose |
front 113 Which of the following is formed once the ions in the salt crystal have completely dissociated from one another? | back 113 a solution |
front 114 Blood loss due to a moderate hemorrhage has several adverse effects on patient wellbeing. Why would administering IV fluids alone not be sufficient to return a patient to health? | back 114 Oxygen-carrying red blood cells lost along with the fluid component must also be replaced. |
front 115 Why can dehydration be such a life-threating event? | back 115 It significantly alters the ratio of body water (solvent) to dissolved substances (solutes), such as sodium ions. |
front 116 A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis. | back 116 False |