front 1 How many chromosomes are found in the organism that results from the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell? a. 22 b. 23 c. 44 d. 46 | back 1 D |
front 2 How many of the pairs of chromosomes in normal human cells are considered autosomes? a. 1 b. 12 c. 22 d. 46 | back 2 C |
front 3 Which of the following is NOT one of the chemical compounds that makes up a strand of DNA? a. depranine b. adenine c. thymine d. cytocine | back 3 A |
front 4 Kimberley is having a discussion with her friend Aasta about the genetic determinants of development. They cannot come to an agreement on what the functional units of heredity are. If they asked you to help them figure this out, what would you say? a. The most functional units of heredity are chromosomes. b. The most functional units of heredity are genes. c. The most functional units of heredity are ribosomes. d. The most functional units of heredity are nucleotides. | back 4 B |
front 5 When Chester is conceived by his parents, he has the genetic instructions to grow up to be 6’1’’ tall. During his childhood, however, he develops a digestive illness that significantly limits the amount of food he can eat, and he regularly fails to get enough vitamins in his diet. As a result, he grows up to be 5’11’’ tall. In this example, a height of 6’1’’ is Chester’s ________ and a height of 5’11’’ is Chester’s ________. a. phenotype; genotype b. chromotype; nucleotype c. nucleotype; chromotype d. genotype; phenotype | back 5 D |
front 6 Genotype is to phenotype as a. homozygous is to heterozygous. b. nurture is to nature. c. DNA is to RNA. d. genetic pattern is to physical, behavioral, and psychological features. | back 6 D |
front 7 Kendrie suffers from sickle cell anemia. She is not just a carrier of the illness, but she actually has the disease itself. Which of the following best describes Kendrie’s red blood cell alleles? a. heterozygous b. genotypical c. homozygous d. phenotypical | back 7 C |
front 8 Maricella was born several days ago, and her pediatrician has observed that she has almond-shaped eyes and a fold over her eyelids. In addition, her head, neck, and nose are smaller than other babies of her birth weight. With which of the following conditions would Maricella most likely be diagnosed? a. Down syndrome b. Turner’s syndrome c. Kleinfelter’s syndrome d. Phenylketonuria | back 8 A |
front 9 Maricella was born several days ago, and her pediatrician has observed that she has almond-shaped eyes and a fold over her eyelids. In addition, her head, neck, and nose are smaller than other babies of her birth weight. It is most likely that Maricella has an extra of the _____ pair of chromosomes. a. 4 th b. 9 th c. 17th d. 21st | back 9 D |
front 10 Which maternal characteristic is most strongly associated with giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome? a. low levels of intelligence in the mother b. consumption of alcohol during pregnancy c. higher maternal age d. exposure to lead or mercury by the baby immediately after birth | back 10 C |
front 11 David and Katie have always been close. In fact, they are so close that they shared the womb when their mother was pregnant with them. Given the information that you have already been given in this question, which of the following can you state conclusively? a. David and Katie are monozygotic twins. b. David and Katie are conjoined twins. c. David and Katie are dizygotic twins. d. David and Katie share 25% of their genotype. | back 11 C |
front 12 Monozygotic is to ________ as dizygotic is to ________. a. heterozygous; homozygous b. identical; fraternal c. homozygous; heterozygous d. fraternal; identical | back 12 B |
front 13 ________ refers to the process of deliberately seeking environments that fit one’s heredity. a. Niche-picking b. Context-selection c. Base-rating d. Polygenic inheritance | back 13 A |
front 14 Which of the following properties is widely accepted with regard to the relationship between genes and behaviors? a. Genes actually change and break down as we age, which is why our actions change so dramatically as we get older. b. Environmental influences typically make children within the family very similar to each other. c. Genes cannot influence the kind of environment to which a person is exposed. d. Heredity and environment interact dynamically throughout development | back 14 D |
front 15 The time between conception and birth is called the ________ period. a. prenatal b. neonatal c. postnatal d. teratogenic | back 15 A |
front 16 Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of pregnancy? a. period of the embryo, period of the fetus, period of the zygote b. period of the zygote, period of the embryo, period of the fetus c. period of the fetus, period of the zygote, period of the embryo d. period of the embryo, period of the zygote, period of the fetus | back 16 B |
front 17 Out of the 200–500 million sperm cells that are released during an ejaculation, only ________ complete the short journey up the Fallopian tubes to where an egg is waiting to be fertilized. a. half b. one c. a few hundred d. a few thousand | back 17 C |
front 18 Jeanette and her husband Eric have recently engaged in sexual intercourse. After this activity was completed, an egg in Jeanette’s Fallopian tube was fertilized by a sperm cell that was released by Eric. The result is a(n) ________, which marks the beginning of pregnancy. a. zygote b. embryo c. fetus d. blastocyst | back 18 A |
front 19 Despite the fact that a human female has a normal pregnancy duration (or gestational period) of 38 weeks, people often refer to pregnancy as a 40-week event. Why is this? a. Because the heightened influence of teratogens in the world today has actually extended the duration of pregnancy from conception to delivery. b. Because pregnancy usually begins two weeks after a woman’s menstrual period, and that is the time from which the beginning of pregnancy is measured. c. Because the duration of pregnancy actually gets longer as a woman ages, and it ranges from 38 to 42 weeks. 40 weeks is the average, so that is what people say. d. Because physicians want to allow for a two-week “window” at the end of the pregnancy so that women do not become concerned if they have not delivered by the end of the 38th week. | back 19 B |
front 20 Once a zygote implants itself in the uterine lining, it officially becomes a(n) ________. a. embryo b. baby c. fetus d. germ disc | back 20 A |
front 21 Pregnant Patty’s body is currently experiencing the event that triggers hormonal changes that will prevent further menstruation. This event is called a. implantation. b. conception. c. dilation. d. effacement. | back 21 A |
front 22 Which of the following structures eventually develops into a baby? a. the amniotic sac b. the germ disc c. the trophoblast d. the blastocyst | back 22 B |
front 23 The ________ is a structure that contains veins and arteries and connects a developing child to the placenta. a. umbilical cord b. amnion c. germ disc d. blastocyst | back 23 A |
front 24 Of the three prenatal stages of development which is by far the longest? a. the period of the zygote b. the period of the embryo c. the period of the fetus d. the period of the neonate | back 24 C |
front 25 Mel is at the obstetrician’s office with his girlfriend Denise, who is pregnant with their child. They have just started the ninth week of the pregnancy, and the doctor explains to them that the unborn child’s brain has developed distinct structures and is already beginning to regulate certain body functions. Based on what you know about prenatal development, you know that the period of the ________ has just begun. a. zygote b. embryo c. umbilicus d. fetus | back 25 D |
front 26 Marsha’s doctor informs her that her child is just entering the longest period of prenatal development. About how long has Marsha been carrying her unborn child? a. 1 day b. 3 weeks c. 9 weeks d. 28 weeks | back 26 C |
front 27 Your authors point out that teenage women have a greater chance of having problems during their pregnancy, labor, and delivery than pregnant women in their 20s. They suggest that this is mainly because a. pregnant teenagers are more likely to be economically disadvantaged and lack good prenatal care. b. pregnant teenagers are more likely to smoke cigarettes during pregnancy. c. pregnant teenagers are more likely to drink alcohol during pregnancy. d. pregnant teenagers are less likely to get adequate sleep and rest during pregnancy. | back 27 A |
front 28 In general, pregnancies are most likely to proceed normally when the mother is between the ages of ________ years. a. 18 and 25 b. 21 and 25 c. 21 and 30 d. 20 and 35 | back 28 D |
front 29 Alissa is a 41-year-old, married, professional woman who has just found out that she is pregnant with her third child. According to your textbook, which of the following conditions is her baby at higher risk of due to Alissa’s age? a. Down syndrome b. Phenylketonuria c. ADHD d. Von Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis) | back 29 A |
front 30 Any agent that interferes with normal prenatal development is a(n) ________. a. fetalytic b. teratogen c. ototoxin d. carcinogen | back 30 B |
front 31 Felicia is at the end of her pregnancy, and she is now in labor. She has been having contractions for about 18 hours, and her cervix is slowly dilating to approximately 10 centimeters. Which stage of labor is Felicia currently in? a. Stage one b. Stage two c. Stage three d. Stage four | back 31 A |
front 32 Roz is in the process of giving birth to her daughter. The baby has made its way from the uterus into the vagina, and is currently being expelled from Roz’s body as Roz contracts her abdominal muscles. In which stage of labor is Roz? a. Stage one b. Stage two c. Stage three d. Stage four | back 32 B |
front 33 Which of the stages of labor is the briefest, and involves only a few “pushes” to expel the placenta? a. Stage nine b. Stage seven c. Stage five d. Stage three | back 33 D |
front 34 Why would it be fair to say that physicians Grantly Dick-Read and Ferdinand Lamaze revolutionized approaches to childbirth? a. Because they advocated for a more natural approach to childbirth rather than viewing it as a “medical event.” b. Because together they developed the epidural procedure, which significantly reduced a woman’s pain during labor. c. Because they promoted the use of midwives and doulas over physicians and nurses to assist mothers in labor d. Because they developed the “fetal monitor,” which allowed for physicians to note when a child was in distress during labor. | back 34 A |
front 35 Wilma is afraid of the pain involved in delivering her baby. Are childbirth classes likely to help her? a. Yes, because women who take these courses may experience less tension, and thus may have less pain during the delivery. b. Yes, because women who take these courses qualify for painkilling medications they would not usually receive. c. No, because childbirth courses only make people more knowledgeable about the birthing process and can have no effect on pain. d. No, because individuals who know most about the birthing process experience the most pain. | back 35 A |
front 36 Which of the following is NOT one of the physical changes that a woman is likely to experience after pregnancy? a. Her breasts may begin to produce milk. b. Her uterus becomes smaller. c. Her levels of female hormones may drop. d. Her control of her bowels may become compromised. | back 36 D |
front 37 The age of ________ is defined as the age at which a fetus can survive if it must be born because most of its bodily systems function adequately. It typically occurs 22 to 28 weeks into the pregnancy. a. zygotic intent b. viability c. plasticity d. continuity | back 37 B |
front 38 Why is it that the United States has among the highest rates of infant mortality despite having such widely available medical care? a. Because the United States does not mandate prenatal testing for all pregnant women. b. Because the United States has more babies with low birth weight than virtually all other developed nations. c. Because the United States has the highest rate of pregnant women who abuse alcohol and drugs during their pregnancy. d. Because the United States has the greatest level of toxins in its water and food supplies, thus leading to more prenatal complications. | back 38 B |
front 39 In order for a child to be described as having low birth weight, (s)he would have to weigh: a. less than 2,500 grams but more than 1,500 grams. b. less than 1,500 grams but more than 1,000 grams. c. less than 3,000 grams but more than 2,000 grams. d. less than 1,000 grams but more than 500 grams. | back 39 A |
front 40 Infant mortality rate is defined as the percentage of infants who die a. before birth. b. during birth. c. before their first birthday d. before their second birthday | back 40 C |
front 41 What was the most critical lesson about teratogens learned from studies on the use of the drug DES by pregnant women? a. Sometimes what appear to be teratogens actually are harmless drugs. b. Infants in the late fetal period appear to be the most at risk for impact from drug-related teratogens. c. Sometimes the effects of teratogens are not apparent until long after exposure. d. Females appear to be at much greater risk from teratogens. | back 41 C |
front 42 In which type of prenatal testing is a grainy picture of the fetus generated that allows for identification of the child’s position and, at a certain point, its sex? a. amniocentesis b. chorionic villus sampling c. ultrasound d. transvaginal magnetic resonance imaging | back 42 C |
front 43 Which of the following is a relative limitation of the use of an ultrasound? a. It requires an instrument so large that is impractical to have in most physicians’ offices. b. It is notoriously unreliable at accurately identifying the sex of the child prior to birth. c. It carries a 1% chance of inducing a miscarriage. d. It gives a very grainy picture that takes an expert’s eyes to interpret. | back 43 D |
front 44 How many stages of labor are there? a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7 | back 44 B |
front 45 Roughly ________ of new mothers experience the “baby blues,” which may involve feelings of irritation and resentment, accompanied by crying spells. a. one-quarter b. one-third c. one-half d. two-thirds | back 45 C |
front 46 For 10 to 15% of new mothers, the baby blues extends into months of irritability, feelings of low self-worth and apathy, and sleep and appetite disturbances. This condition, called postpartum ________, can influence a child’s development if it persists. a. psychosis b. depression c. anxiety d. couvade | back 46 B |
front 47 Postpartum depression a. occurs in about 50 percent of new mothers. b. is more common following planned pregnancies than unplanned pregnancies. c. is a purely psychological phenomenon (i.e., has no physiological basis). d. may be reduced via breast-feeding. | back 47 D |
front 48 While Jonah was making his way through his mother’s birth canal, his umbilical cord got wrapped around his neck. Thankfully this situation was resolved before Jonah developed _______, which would have involved a disruption of oxygenated blood to his brain. a. hypoxia b. cerebral atrophy c. aneurysm d. hemorrhage | back 48 A |
front 49 Which of the following conditions, seen in pregnant women, involves high blood pressure, proteins in the urine, and swelling in the extremities due to fluid retention? a. cephalopelvic disproportion b. preeclampsia c. irregular position d. prolapsed umbilical cord | back 49 B |
front 50 Nora was born just after the 32nd week of pregnancy. According to your authors, she would be referred to as a ________ baby. a. preeclampsia b. low birth weight c. preterm d. viability | back 50 C |
front 51 When a child is conceived, the parents pass along 46 genes, two of which decide whether the baby will be a boy or a girl. TRUE FALSE | back 51 FALSE |
front 52 If a dominant gene meets up with a recessive gene, the traits that are contained in the dominant gene will ultimately be expressed. TRUE FALSE | back 52 TRUE |
front 53 Only a single sperm cell can successfully make the journey up a woman’s Fallopian tube to an unfertilized egg. TRUE FALSE | back 53 FALSE |
front 54 Once a zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus, it becomes a fetus. TRUE FALSE | back 54 FALSE |
front 55 The age of viability for a fetus normally occurs between 22 and 28 weeks after conception. TRUE FALSE | back 55 TRUE |
front 56 During pregnancy, it is necessary for the mother to eat 10% to 20% more than regular in order to adequately provide for the needs of her unborn child. TRUE FALSE | back 56 TRUE |
front 57 The research is now clear, and states that a pregnant woman may safely consume up to three glasses of red wine a week. Alternately, she may have the equivalent of four ounces of “hard liquor” or two standard sized cans or bottles of beer. These small amounts of alcohol have been found to be safe for the unborn child. TRUE FALSE | back 57 FALSE |
front 58 The least invasive form of prenatal screening discussed in your textbook is the use of an ultrasound. TRUE FALSE | back 58 TRUE |
front 59 One of the difficulties associated with the use of anesthesia during childbirth is that anesthetized mothers cannot use their abdominal muscles to push the baby through the birth canal. TRUE FALSE | back 59 TRUE |
front 60 A child who weighs less than 1,000 grams at birth would be described as being a “low birth weight” baby. TRUE FALSE | back 60 FALSE |
front 61 A group of compounds that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions for development is a(n) _______. | back 61 Gene |
front 62 Monozygotic twins are more commonly referred to as ________ twins, while dizygotic twins are known as ________ twins. | back 62 identical, franternal |
front 63 The process of deliberately seeking environments that are consistent with one’s heredity is called ________. | back 63 niche-picking |
front 64 The sac in which an embryo rests during the second stage of prenatal development is called the ________. | back 64 amnion |
front 65 During the period of the ________, the longest stage of prenatal development, the child reaches the age of viability. After this point in the pregnancy, the child would be capable of surviving outside of the mother’s body. | back 65 fetus |
front 66 Increased maternal age brings a heightened risk of certain difficulties, both with the pregnancy and for the child. Specifically, when the mother is pregnant after the age of 40 there is an enhanced risk of the child being born with ________. | back 66 down syndrome |
front 67 Pregnant women who regularly consume quantities of alcoholic beverages may give birth to babies with ________ (FASD). | back 67 fetal alcohol spectrum disorder |
front 68 A child who is born at a weight of less than 100 grams would be referred to as having ________ birth weight. | back 68 extremely low |
front 69 ________ is the most important factor in preventing low birth weight babies, which in turn can reduce the number of infants who die prior to their first birthday. | back 69 prenatal care |
front 70 A reproductive technique that is used over 140,000 times and produces more than 55,000 babies each year in the United States is ________. | back 70 in-vitro fertilization |