non of your bis 30 Flashcards

1) Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution?

1. A) the trend toward smaller size
2. B) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle
3. C) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
4. D) the trend toward larger gametophytes

2) Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?

1. A) It produces seeds.
2. B) It retains its fertilized egg within its archegonium.
3. C) It lacks gametangia.
4. D) It undergoes alternation of generations.

3) Which of the following characteristics is functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?

1. A) diploid nuclei
2. B) mitochondria
3. C) endosperm
4. D) chloroplasts

4) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

1. A) sporopollenin
2. B) lignin present in cell walls
3. C) pollen
4. D) megaphylls

5) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the cells of human skin, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment.

1. A) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a gametophyte, cells of a megasporangium, cells in the interior of a subterranean root
2. B) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a gametophyte, cells in the interior of a subterranean root, cells of a megasporangium
3. C) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a megasporangium, cells of a gametophyte, cells in the interior of a subterranean root
4. D) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells in the interior of a subterranean root, cells of a megasporangium, cells of a gametophyte

6) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated.

1. A) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence
2. B) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence
3. C) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence
4. D) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence

7) In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?

1. A) sporophyll
2. B) sporopollenin
3. C) stigma
4. D) sporangium

8) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a ________.

1. A) moss sporophyte
2. B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia
3. C) fern sporophyte
4. D) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

) A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?

1. A) The pollen grains will be pure red.
2. B) The pollen grains will be pure blue.
3. C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.
4. D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors.

10) Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?

1. A) male gametophyte
2. B) female gametophyte
3. C) male sporophyte
4. D) female sporophyte

11) The advantages of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants include ________.

1. A) protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from its own photosynthesis, and protection from drying out
2. B) protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from the sporophyte, and protection from drying out
3. C) protection of the spores from ultraviolet radiation and drying out, and gain of nutrients from the sporophyte
4. D) development of the seed

12) The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________.

1. A) using wind as a dispersal agent
2. B) containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
3. C) relying on animals for pollination
4. D) providing nutrition for animals

13) Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants ________.

1. A) produce two kinds of spores
2. B) have large gametophytes
3. C) have vascular tissue
4. D) can photosynthesize

14) One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"?

1. A) The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated.
2. B) The dust is the spore production of ferns and is so abundant because the spores are wind-dispersed.
3. C) The dust is the seed production of ferns and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce.
4. D) The dust is the seed production of pines and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce.

15) The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are ________.

1. A) ferns, horsetails, lycophytes, and club mosses
2. B) hornworts, liverworts, and mosses
3. C) gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
4. D) elms, maples, and aspens

16) Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________.

1. A) increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis
2. B) increased surface area, increasing gas exchange
3. C) decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange
4. D) decreased surface area, reducing water loss

17) Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

1. A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.
2. B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones.
3. C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes.
4. D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm.

18) Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is accurate?

1. A) The pine tree is a gametophyte.
2. B) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis.
3. C) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.
4. D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

19) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following developmental sequences is correct, assuming fertilization occurs?

1. A) megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell, sporophyte embryo
2. B) megaspore, sporophyte embryo, female gametophyte, egg cell
3. C) sporophyte embryo, megaspore, egg cell, female gametophyte
4. D) sporophyte embryo, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell

20) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

1. A) sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei
2. B) sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei, pollen cone
3. C) pollen cone, sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei

D) pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei, sporophyte

21) Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?

1. A) male gametophyte
2. B) female gametophyte
3. C) male sporophyte
4. D) female sporophyte

22) Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?

1. A) male gametophyte
2. B) female gametophyte
3. C) male sporophyte
4. D) female sporophyte

23) Use the information to answer the following question.

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.

Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms?

1. A) They have exposed ovules.
2. B) They have flagellated sperm.
3. C) They are pollinated by animals.
4. D) They have flagellated sperm and they are pollinated by animals.

24) Use the information to answer the following question.

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.

On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, which of the following statements should be accurate?

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.

On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Which of the following proposed studies would be worth investigating next?

1. A) investigating the effects of the neurotoxins on the beetles
2. B) investigating the mechanism of action of the neurotoxin on the bats
3. C) investigating the mechanism of action of the neurotoxin on the beetles
4. D) measuring the effect of the neurotoxin on a nectar-feeding bat

26) Use the information to answer the following question.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees.

1. A) breezes
2. B) rain droplets
3. C) seed-eating birds
4. D) squirrels

27) Use the information to answer the following question.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of the following functions in nature?

1. A) It attracts harpy eagles and encourages them to nest in the tree.
2. B) It provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling.
3. C) It serves as protection for the embryo from agoutis looking for food.

D) It provides a water source for the developing embryo.

28) Use the information to answer the following question.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

Predict the most likely outcome to the population of Brazil nut trees if a disease decimated the agouti population.

1. A) The population of large Brazil nut trees would remain constant for a while, but the population of new seedlings would likely increase in the long run.
2. B) The population of large Brazil nut trees would decline immediately, and the population of new seedlings would likely decrease in the future.
3. C) The population of large Brazil nut trees would remain constant for a while, but the population of new seedlings would likely decrease in the long run.
4. D) Both the population of large Brazil nut trees and new seedlings would increase in the long run.

29) Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that ________.

1. A) favor pollination
2. B) foster seed dispersal
3. C) decrease competition
4. D) inhibit herbivory

30) Use the information to answer the following question.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem?

1. A) poor sporophyte viability
2. B) failure to produce fertile ovules
3. C) failure to produce pollen
4. D) pollination failure

31) Use the information to answer the following question.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

The agouti is most directly involved with the Brazil nut tree's dispersal of ________.

1. A) female gametophytes
2. B) sporophyte embryos
3. C) sporophyte megaspores
4. D) female gametes

32) Use the information to answer the following question.

Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit. (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17).

What is the significance of measuring fruit production?

1. A) It is a measure of pollination success.
2. B) It is a measure of seed dispersal success.
3. C) It is easier than counting flowers.
4. D) It is an indication of predation on the seeds of the plants.

33) Use the information to answer the following question.

Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17).

Late in the season, when only hawk moths were present, researchers painted the red flowers white. What would you expect?

1. A) Unpainted red flowers would produce more fruits than white flowers would.
2. B) Red flowers painted white would produce more fruits than red flowers would.
3. C) Red and white flowers would produce the same numbers of fruits.
4. D) Unpainted red flowers would produce the same number of fruits as the white flowers.

Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17).

Some plants continued to produce only dark (red) flowers whereas others produced lighter colored flowers later in the season. Which plants do you expect produced more fruit over the entire season?

1. A) those that changed their color to a lighter shade
2. B) those that stayed dark
3. C) the same numbers of fruit on both
4. D) the plants whose flowers were always light colored

Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17).

Which of the following proposed controls would be most appropriate for the experiment when, late in the season, scientists painted some of the red flowers white?

1. A) Some red flowers should be painted pink
2. B) Some red and light colored flowers should be covered to prevent pollinator access.
3. C) Plants with light and dark colored flowers should be fertilized.
4. D) A necessary control would be to put red paint on some of the red flowers in order to control for the effects of paint.

36) Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination?

1. A) They probably self-fertilize and do not need pollen carried from one plant to another.
2. B) Their pollinating insects are probably color blind.
3. C) They are probably wind pollinated.
4. D) They probably attract pollinators using strong fragrances.

37) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?

1. A) 8
2. B) 16
3. C) 24
4. D) 32

38) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?

1. A) 8
2. B) 16
3. C) 24
4. D) 32

39) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?

1. A) 8
2. B) 16
3. C) 24
4. D) 32

40) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in the nucleus of an egg within the embryo sac prior to fertilization?

1. A) 8
2. B) 16
3. C) 24
4. D) 32

41) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus after fertilization?

1. A) 8
2. B) 16
3. C) 24
4. D) 32

42) In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?

1. A) 8
2. B) 16
3. C) 24
4. D) 32

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

Animals that consume Brazil nuts derive nutrition mostly from tissue whose nuclei have how many chromosomes?

1. A) 17
2. B) 34
3. C) 51
4. D) 68

44) Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the fruit of angiosperms?

1. A) male gametophyte
2. B) female gametophyte
3. C) male sporophyte
4. D) female sporophyte

45) Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

1. A) double internal fertilization
2. B) free-living gametophytes
3. C) carpels that contain microsporangia

D) ovules that are not contained within ovarie

46) What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

1. A) The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
2. B) The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks, and the seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth.
3. C) The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth, and the seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity.
4. D) The seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity, and the seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes.

47) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

1. A) binary fission
2. B) mitosis
3. C) meiosis
4. D) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

48) Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is/are likely accurate?

1. A) The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.
2. B) Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and the ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts.
3. C) Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.
4. D) There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

49) Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm.

1. A) carpel, embryo sac, ovule, ovary, egg
2. B) embryo sac, carpel, egg, ovary, ovule
3. C) embryo sac, ovary, carpel, ovule, egg
4. D) carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg

50) Mistletoe is a plant that lives on trees and gains nutrition from them (that is, it is a parasite). The fruit of the mistletoe is a one-seeded berry and is consumed by birds. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? The fruit ________.

1. A) is drab in color
2. B) is colored so as to provide it with camouflage
3. C) is nutritious to the dispersing organisms
4. D) secretes enzymes that can digest bark

51) Use the information to answer the following question.

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.

Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms?

1. A) They have exposed ovules.
2. B) They have flagellated sperm.
3. C) They are pollinated by animals.
4. D) They have flagellated sperm, and they are pollinated by animals.

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.

If the beetles survive by consuming cycad pollen, then whether the beetles should be considered mutualists with, or parasites of, the cycads depends upon the ________.

1. A) extent to which their overall activities affect cycad reproduction
2. B) extent to which the beetles are affected by the neurotoxins
3. C) extent to which the beetles damage the cycad flowers
4. D) distance the beetles must travel between cycad microsporophylls and cycad megasporophylls

) If one were to propose a new taxon of plants that included all the plants that are pollinated by animals, but excluded all plants that are not pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be ________.

1. A) monophyletic
2. B) paraphyletic
3. C) polyphyletic
4. D) identical in composition to the phylum Anthophyta

54) Use the information to answer the following question.

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents.

The yolk of an animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms?

1. A) endosperm
2. B) carpels
3. C) fruit
4. D) seed coat

55) Use the information to answer the following question.

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents.

The shell of a fertilized animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms?

1. A) endosperm
2. B) carpels
3. C) fruit
4. D) seed coat

56) Use the information to answer the following question.

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents.

The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition has what type of analog in angiosperms?

1. A) endosperm proliferation
2. B) growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei
3. C) fusion of carpels into a fruit

D) seed coat hardening

57) Use the information to answer the following question.

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents.

The laying of eggs has what type of analog in angiosperms?

1. A) endosperm breakdown
2. B) fusion of carpels into a fruit
3. C) fruit dispersal

D) seed coat hardening

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar in her stomach, and if she visits another flower on a different Brazil nut tree, what is the sequence in which the following events should occur?

1. A) pollination, pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, pollen tube enters micropyle, double fertilization
2. B) pollination, pollen tube enters micropyle, pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, double fertilization
3. C) pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, pollination, pollen tube enters micropyle, double fertilization
4. D) pollen tube enters micropyle, pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, pollination, double fertilization

59) Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all ________.

1. A) female reproductive parts
2. B) capable of photosynthesis
3. C) modified leaves

D) found on flowers

60) Compared to animal-pollinated plants, wind-pollinated angiosperms ________.

1. A) produce fewer seeds because winds disperse seeds in a targeted manner
2. B) produce more seeds because winds disperse seeds greater distances
3. C) produce much less pollen because winds disperse pollen in a highly targeted manner

D) produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly

61) Archaefructus, an early fossil angiosperm, was herbaceous and probably aquatic. Other seed plant fossils were woody and terrestrial. What should scientists conclude?

1. A) The earliest angiosperms were herbaceous and aquatic.
2. B) The earliest angiosperms were woody and terrestrial.
3. C) Other data must be considered in order to make a valid conclusion.
4. D) We cannot know the real history of angiosperms.

62) Imagine that you wanted to know if speciation is more rapid in plant groups pollinated by bees or hummingbirds. To do this, you identified 20 genera of angiosperms that contained species pollinated by both types of animals. There were substantially more species in the groups that were pollinated by bees. What conclusions can you draw from your data?

1. A) Hummingbirds promoted speciation more than did bees.
2. B) Hummingbirds promoted speciation less than did bees.
3. C) Each genus should be split into two new genera.
4. D) The rates of speciation were similar in groups pollinated by hummingbirds and bees.

63) Use the information to answer the following question.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

The harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja, is the largest, most powerful raptor in the Americas. It nests only in trees taller than 25 meters. It is a "sloth specialist," but will also take agouti. Thus, if these eagles capture too many agoutis from a particular locale, they might contribute to their own demise by ________.

1. A) having too many offspring
2. B) decreasing their habitat
3. C) decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
4. D) increasing the number of sloths

64) Use the information to answer the following question.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

Native peoples traditionally use Brazil nuts to treat stomachache, inflammation, hypersensitivity, and hepatitis. Consequently, a scientist should be interested in promoting ________.

1. A) better education for the native peoples so that they will overcome their old ways
2. B) clear-cutting forests containing Brazil nut trees to make way for crops with proven medical benefits
3. C) an increase in the living standards of the native peoples so that they might be able to purchase modern pharmaceuticals
4. D) the evaluation of Brazil nut chemicals for use as potential drugs

65) Use the information to answer the following question.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

People who attempted to plant Brazil nuts in hopes of establishing plantations of Brazil nut trees played roles most similar to those of ________.

1. A) agoutis
2. B) orchid bees
3. C) pollen tubes
4. D) harpy eagles

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate.

The same bees that pollinate the flowers of the Brazil nut trees also pollinate orchids, which are epiphytes (in other words, plants that grow on other plants); however, orchids cannot grow on Brazil nut trees. These observations explain ________.

1. A) the coevolution of Brazil nut trees and orchids
2. B) why Brazil nut trees do not set fruit in monoculture (all one species) plantations
3. C) why male orchid bees do not pollinate Brazil nut tree flowers
4. D) why male orchid bees are smaller than female orchid bees

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, a source of high-quality lumber, and a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate.

The taller a Brazil nut tree is, ________.

1. A) the more valuable it is as a source of lumber
2. B) the more valuable it is as a source of lumber, and the less useful it is to harpy eagles
3. C) the more valuable it is as a source of lumber, and the greater its photosynthetic production is relative to neighboring plants
4. D) the less useful it is to harpy eagles, and the greater its photosynthetic production is relative to neighboring plants

70) Robbie and Saurab are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants are likely to cause human health problems and provide Robbie with future patients?

1. A) sporophyte dominance and defenses against herbivory
2. B) defenses against herbivory and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen
3. C) sporophyte dominance and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen
4. D) sporophyte dominance, defenses against herbivory, and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen

71) Robbie and Saurab are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which of the following statements are correct with regard to what physicians and pharmacists need to know about plants?

1. A) Land plants produce poisons and medicines.
2. B) Crop plants can often interbreed with their wild relatives.
3. C) Crop plants often produce more seeds than their wild relatives.
4. D) Land plants often provide food for pollinators.

72) Which of the following problems will likely increase if the human population continues to increase?

1. A) reduction in available medicines
2. B) decrease in global temperature
3. C) increase in disease-causing organisms

D) reduction in plant and animal diversity

73) Use the information to answer the following question.

Theobroma cacao (cacao) is the tree that produces seeds that are turned into chocolate. These trees provide many poor people in the tropics with some cash income. However, these farmers face many obstacles to production of their crop, including temperature and rainfall changes caused by atmospheric CO2 increases, and many diseases and pests. Analysis of the cacao genome showed that there is some (but not a lot) of genetic variation in the 10 major varieties.

Which of the following strategies would be most useful in the long term in reducing pressures faced by cacao farmers?

1. A) Plant more trees in the temperate zone.
2. B) Crossbreed cacao strains that produce high-quality cacao beans and ones resistant to a disease.
3. C) Plant trees farther apart so that disease transmission rates from one tree to the next will be lower.
4. D) Fertilize the trees in closely spaced areas and add fungicides and pesticides to eliminate pests.

74) Use the information to answer the following question.

Theobroma cacao (cacao) is the tree that produces seeds that are turned into chocolate. These trees provide many poor people in the tropics with some cash income. However, these farmers face many obstacles to production of their crop, including temperature and rainfall changes caused by atmospheric CO2 increases, and many diseases and pests. Analysis of the cacao genome showed that there is some (but not a lot) of genetic variation in the 10 major varieties.

Currently, cacao is harvested by cutting the cacao pods off trees with machetes. Which of the following strategies would increase the ease of harvesting?

1. A) Breed trees that are shorter.
2. B) Breed trees that produce fruits that attach more strongly to the tree.
3. C) Breed trees resistant to diseases and pests.
4. D) Provide fertilizer in small quantities.

75) Use the information to answer the following question.

Açai berries come from trees that are native to the Amazon River Basin and now are the basis of many popular fruit drinks. Farmers with small areas harvest the berries in their family farms. Sometimes, they plant additional açai trees, weed out underbrush, and remove other trees in an effort to increase açai production. A recent study compared the forest characteristics of unmanipulated plots versus those where the farmers modified the plants in the plots. This study produced the following results:

Characteristics

Unmanipulated Plots

Manipulated Plots

Açai density (mean # clumps/plot)

625

1,000

Number of vines

800/plot

4,100/plot

Stem density of all plants

4,680/plot

77.35/plot

Density of non-palm stems

1,400/plot

4,000/plot

Which of the following conclusions are most reasonable to draw from the data presented?

1. A) Açai production will help keep the biodiversity of the Amazonian rainforest intact even when farmers manipulate their plots.
2. B) Açai production helps alleviate poverty by Amazonian people with small farms.
3. C) Açai production does not affect the composition of the forest even when farmers manipulate their plots.
4. D) Açai production changes the character of the forest when farmers manipulate their plots.