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1) Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as
A) the digestive system's opening.
B) suspension-feeding
devices.
C) components of the jaw.
D) gill slits for
respiration.
E) portions of the inner ear.
Answer: B
2
2) Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to
most zoologists?
A) The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not
ancestors, of vertebrates.
B) The first fossils resembling
lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years ago.
C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis
that lancelets are the most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates.
D) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the
fishes.
E) Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.
Answer: D
3
3) Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the
earliest chordates in appearance?
A) lancelets
B) adult
tunicates
C) amphibians
D) reptiles
E) chondrichthyans
Answer: A
4
4) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely
resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics:
external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a
suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will
probably have which of the following characteristics?
A) legs
B) no jaws
C) an amniotic egg
D) endothermy
Answer: B
5
5) How many of the following statements about craniates is (are)
correct?
1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than
are noncraniates.
2. Craniates' genomic evolution includes
duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription
factors.
3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the
vertebrate clade.
4. Pharyngeal slits that play important
roles in gas exchange originated in craniates.
5. The
two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates.
A) one of these
B) two of these
C) three of these
D) four of these
E) five of these
Answer: D
6
6) What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?
A) brain
B) vertebrae
C) cartilaginous pipe
surrounding notochord
D) partial or complete skull
E) bone
Answer: D
7
7) Lampreys differ from hagfishes in
A) lacking jaws.
B) having a cranium.
C) having pharyngeal clefts that
develop into pharyngeal slits.
D) having a notochord
throughout life.
E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a
tube of cartilage.
Answer: E
8
8) The feeding mode of the extinct conodonts was
A) herbivory.
B) suspension feeding.
C) predation.
D) filter
feeding.
E) absorptive feeding.
Answer: C
9
9) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are
associated with which function?
A) reproduction
B) feeding
C) locomotion
D) defense
E) respiration
Answer: B
10
<p>10) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? <br>A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. <br>B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. <br>C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. <br>D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. <br>E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.</p> <p>10) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? <br>A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. <br>B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. <br>C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. <br>D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. <br>E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.</p>
Answer: D
11
11) The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams,
but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar
in this respect to certain species of
A) chondrichthyans.
B) actinopterygians.
C) lungfishes.
D)
coelacanths.
E) hagfishes.
Answer: B
12
12) Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?
A)
lampreys
B) chondrichthyans
C) ray-finned fishes
D)
lungfishes
E) placoderms
Answer: B
13
13) Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor
of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?
A) a mineralized, bony
skeleton
B) opercula
C) bony fin rays
D) a spiral
valve intestine
E) a swim bladder
Answer: A
14
14) To which of the following are the scales of chondrichthyans
most closely related in a structural sense?
A) osteichthyan
scales
B) reptilian scales
C) mammalian scales
D)
bird scales
E) chondrichthyan teeth
Answer: E
15
15) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity
between sharks and ray-finned fishes?
A) The skin is typically
covered by flattened bony scales.
B) They are equally able to
exchange gases with the environment while stationary.
C) They
are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility.
D) They have a
lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.
E)
A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.
Answer: D
16
16) Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during
their adult lives?
A) sharks, skates, and rays
B)
lungfishes
C) lancelets
D) amphibians
E)
ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs
Answer: B
17
17) There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved
A) in
response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans.
B)
directly from lampreys and hagfish.
C) early in the Cambrian
period.
D) directly from lancelets.
E) the swim bladder
from a lung.
Answer: E
18
18) The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes
A) was probably
modified from simple lungs of chondrichthyans.
B) developed into
lungs in saltwater fishes.
C) first appeared in sharks.
D)
provides for regulation of buoyancy.
E) Two of the options
listed are correct.
Answer: D
19
19) Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade?
A)
chondrichthyans
B) ray-finned fishes
C) lampreys
D)
hagfishes
E) tetrapods
Answer: E
20
20) Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most
general) to least inclusive (most specific).
1.
lobe-fins
2. amphibians
3. gnathostomes
4.
osteichthyans
5. tetrapods
A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
Answer: D
21
21) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest
tetrapods was
A) the appearance of jaws.
B) the appearance
of bony vertebrae.
C) feet with digits.
D) the
mineralization of the endoskeleton.
E) the amniotic egg.
Answer: C
22
22) What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods?
A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization.
B)
They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs.
C)
They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.
D) They
should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that
lived at the same time.
E) They should feature the earliest
indications of the appearance of jaws.
Answer: C
23
23) Which of these are amniotes?
A) amphibians
B)
fishes
C) egg-laying mammals
D) placental mammals
E) More than one of these is correct.
Answer: E
24
24) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary
breakthrough?
A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange.
B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
C) It prolongs embryonic development.
D) It provides
insulation to conserve heat.
E) It permits internal
fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
Answer: B
25
25) Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"?
A)
Cenozoic
B) Mesozoic
C) Paleozoic
D) Devonian
E) Cambrian
Answer: B
26
26) Which of these characteristics added most
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