Campbell Biology, Books a la Carte Edition: Campbell Biology Chapter 28 Flashcards

1) All protists are

A) unicellular.

B) eukaryotic.

C) symbionts.

D) monophyletic.

E) mixotrophic.

2) Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is polyphyletic. Which of these statements is most consistent with this conclusion?

A) Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans.

B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestors.

C) The eukaryotic condition has evolved more than once among the protists.

D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes.

E) Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms.

3) According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

A) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions

B) from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

C) by secondary endosymbiosis

D) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes

E) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell

4) Which process could have allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be reduced, without the net loss of any genetic information?

A) conjugation

B) horizontal gene transfer

C) binary fission

D) phagocytosis

E) meiosis

5) An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?

A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol.

B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids.

C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.

D) It has an endospore.

E) It is protected by a case made of silica.

6) Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?

A) chloroplast

B) mitochondrion

C) hydrogenosome

D) mitosome

E) Two of the responses above are correct.

7) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins?

1. Plasmodium
2. Trichomonas
3. Paramecium
4. Trypanosoma
5. Entamoeba
6. A) 1 and 2
7. B) 1 and 4
8. C) 2 and 3
9. D) 2 and 4
10. E) 4 and 5

8) Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched?

A) apicomplexans–internal parasites

B) golden algae–planktonic producers

C) euglenozoans–unicellular flagellates

D) ciliates–red tide organisms

E) entamoebas–ingestive heterotrophs

9) Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is true?

A) They possess two flagella.

B) All known varieties are autotrophic.

C) Their walls are usually composed of silica plates.

D) Many types lack mitochondria.

E) Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor, and are mined to serve as a filtering material.

10) You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9 + 2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group?

A) foraminiferans

B) radiolarians

C) ciliates

D) kinetoplastids

E) slime molds

11) Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates?

A) They use pseudopods as locomotory structures or as feeding structures.

B) They are relatively specialized cells.

C) They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis.

D) Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water.

E) They are often multinucleate.

12) Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process by which the population size of Paramecium increases?

A) budding

B) meiotic division

C) mitotic division

D) conjugation

E) binary fission

13) Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution?

A) Water molds evolved from filamentous fungi.

B) Body shape reflects ancestor-descendant relationships among organisms.

C) In both cases, filamentous shape is an adaptation for the absorptive nutritional mode of a decomposer.

D) Filamentous body shape is evolutionarily ancestral for all eukaryotes.

E) Both the first and second responses above are correct.

14) If we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would

A) increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans.

B) increase the dosage of the most common pesticide used to kill Anopheles mosquitoes.

C) introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans.

D) use a "cocktail" of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes.

E) insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.

15) Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9 + 2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms?

1. A) How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glasslike valves?
2. B) How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water's surface layers to another location on the surface?
3. C) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?
4. D) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves?
5. E) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?

16) A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following?

A) thalli

B) bladders

C) holdfasts

D) gel-forming polysaccharides

17) Which of the following is a characteristic of the water molds (oomycetes)?

1. A) the presence of filamentous feeding structures
2. B) zoospores that are spread by breezes
3. C) the same nutritional mode as possessed by cyanobacteria
4. D) a morphological similarity to fungi that is the result of common ancestry

E) a feeding Plasmodium

18) Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group?

A) radiolarians and forams

B) gymnamoebas

C) entamoebas

D) amoeboid stage of cellular slime molds

E) oomycetes

19) A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group?

A) diatoms

B) foraminiferans

C) radiolarians

D) gymnamoebas

20) The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?

A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants

B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants

C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants

D) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants

21) The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of

A) golden algae.

B) diatoms.

C) dinoflagellates.

D) green algae.

E) brown algae.

22) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group?

A) red algae

B) brown algae

C) green algae

D) dinoflagellates

E) golden algae

23) Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae

A) are heterotrophs.

B) are unicellular.

C) have plastids.

D) have alternation of generations.

E) have cell walls containing cellulose.

24) If the Archaeplastidae are eventually designated a kingdom, and if land plants are excluded from this kingdom, then what will be true of this new kingdom?

A) It will be monophyletic.

B) It will more accurately depict evolutionary relationships than does the current taxonomy.

C) It will be paraphyletic.

D) It will be a true clade.

E) It will be polyphyletic.

25) The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime molds'

A) DNA sequences.

B) nutritional modes.

C) choice of habitats.

D) physical appearance.

E) reproductive methods.

26) Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium?

A) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

B) unicellular or multicellular

C) diploid or haploid

D) autotroph or heterotroph

27) Which of the following statements concerning protists is true?

A) All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly.

C) All apicomplexans are autotrophic.

D) All slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced.

E) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts.

28) Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer?

A) oomycete

B) kinetoplastid

C) apicomplexan

D) diatom

E) radiolarian

29) You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 m deep), and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist?

1. hydrogenosome
2. apicoplast
3. pseudopods
4. chloroplast from red alga
5. chloroplast from green alga
6. A) 1 and 2
7. B) 2 and 3
8. C) 2 and 4
9. D) 3 and 4
10. E) 4 and 5

30) You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n)

A) diatom.

B) dinoflagellate.

C) apicomplexan.

D) red alga.

E) radiolarian.

31) Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, what would be true of such a taxon?

A) It would be polyphyletic.

B) It would be paraphyletic.

C) It would be monophyletic.

D) It would include all eukaryotes.

32) You are designing an artificial drug-delivery "cell" that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines?

A) pseudopods

B) apical complex

C) excavated feeding grooves

D) nucleomorphs

E) mitosomes

33) A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?

A) red

B) green

C) brown

D) yellow

34) Which of the following are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism?

1. A) cellulose-digesting gut protistswood-eating termites
2. B) dinoflagellatesreef-building coral animals
3. C) Trichomonashumans
4. D) algaecertain foraminiferans
5. E) all except that involving humans

35) Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?

A) The coral animals, which capture planktonic organisms, may be outcompeted by the diatoms.

B) The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms.

C) The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms, with their cases of silica.

D) The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water.

72) Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

A) evolution from mitochondria.

B) fusion of plastids.

C) origin of the plastids from archaea.

D) secondary endosymbiosis.

E) budding of the plastids from the nuclear envelope.

73) Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because

1. A) the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes.
2. B) all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.
3. C) mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA.
4. D) without mitochondrial CO2production, photosynthesis could not occur.
5. E) mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes, whereas plastids utilize their own ribosomes.

74) Which group is incorrectly paired with its description?

1. A) rhizariansmorphologically diverse group defined by DNA similarities
2. B) diatomsimportant producers in aquatic communities
3. C) red algaeacquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis
4. D) apicomplexansparasites with intricate life cycles
5. E) diplomonadsprotists with modified mitochondria

75) Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants?

A) green algae

B) dinoflagellates

C) red algae

D) brown algae

E) both green algae and red algae

76) In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with

A) unicellular haploid forms.

B) unicellular diploid forms.

C) multicellular haploid forms.

D) multicellular diploid forms.

E) multicellular polyploid forms.