BIOL2117 6,7,8,9 Flashcards

Figure 6.1, which line best depicts a facultative anaerobe in the absence of O2?

In Figure 6.1,which line best depicts an obligate anaerobe in the presence of O2?

In Figure 6.1, which line shows the growth of an obligate aerobe incubated anaerobically?

In Figure 6.1, which line best illustrates the growth of a facultative anaerobe incubated aerobically?

In Figure 6.1, which line best depicts a psychrotroph incubated at 0°C?

If cells are grown in media containing amino acids labeled with radioactive nitrogen (15N), most of the radioactivity will be found in the cells'

Which of the following elements is NOT correctly matched with its cellular function?

Pathogenic bacteria isolated from the respiratory or intestinal tracts of humans are

The biosafety level (BSL) for most introductory microbiology laboratories is

The biosafety level (BSL) for a clinical microbiology laboratory working with potentially airborne pathogens, such as tuberculosis bacteria, is

A sample of milk is tested for its bacterial content in a plate count assay. A one-milliliter sample of the milk is diluted in a 1:10 dilution series. One milliliter of the third dilution tube is plated in a pour plate. After incubation, the plate has 54 colonies, indicating that the original milk sample contained

The addition of which of the following to a culture medium will neutralize acids?

Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a

The term aerotolerant anaerobe refers to an organism that

Which of the following is an advantage of the standard plate count?

Which of the following is an advantage of the direct microscopic count?

Most bacteria reproduce by

Thirty-six colonies grew in nutrient agar from 1.0 ml of undiluted sample in a standard plate count. How many cells were in the original sample?

Figure 6.2 shows a typical bacterial growth curve with the y-axis indicating the log of the number of bacteria and the x-axis indicating time in culture. In the figure, which section (or sections) shows a growth phase where the number of cells dying equals the number of cells dividing?

Figure 6.2 shows a typical bacterial growth curve with the y-axis indicating the log of the number of bacteria and the x-axis indicating time in culture. In the figure, which sections of the graph illustrate a logarithmic change in cell numbers?

Most bacteria grow best at pH

Most fungi grow best at pH

Consider a culture medium on which only gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus colonies can grow due to an elevated NaCl level. A yellow halo surrounds the growth, indicating the bacterium fermented a sugar in the medium, decreasing the pH as a result and changing the color of a pH indicator chemical. This type of medium would be referred to as a(n)

A culture medium consisting of agar, peptone, and beef heart is a

Which of the following pairs of microbe classification terms and optimal growth temperatures is mismatched?

During which growth phase will gram-positive bacteria be most susceptible to penicillin?

Which of the following is the best definition of generation time?

Which of the following is NOT a direct method to measure microbial growth?

Which group of microorganisms is most likely to spoil a freshwater trout preserved with salt?

Which of the following is an organic growth factor?

Which of the following is an example of a metabolic activity that could be used to measure microbial growth?

An experiment began with 4 cells and ended with 128 cells. How many generations did the cells go through?

Three cells with generation times of 60 minutes are inoculated into a culture medium. How many cells are there after 5 hours?

In Figure 6.3, which tube shows the expected growth pattern for a microaerophile?

In Figure 6.3, which tube shows the expected growth pattern for a facultative anaerobe?

In one hospital, Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 10 infected the biliary tract of 10 percent of 1300 patients who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. After each use, endoscopes were washed with an automatic reprocessor that flushed detergent and glutaraldehyde through the endoscopes, followed by a tap water rinse. P. aeruginosa serotype 10 was not isolated from the detergent, glutaraldehyde, or tap water. What was the source of the infections?

For the three types of media in Table 6.1, which medium (or media) is/are chemically defined?

In Table, 6.1, in which medium (or media) would an autotroph grow?

Assume you inoculated 100 cells, with a generation time of 20 minutes, into 100 ml of nutrient broth. You then inoculated 100 cells of the same species into 200 ml of nutrient broth. After incubation for 4 hours, you can reasonably expect to have

The source of nutrients in nutrient agar is

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction: O2- + O2- + 2H+ → H2O2 + O2?

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction: 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2?

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction: H2O2 + 2H+ → 2H2O?

The data in Table 6.2 indicate that S. aureus is a(n)

Patients with indwelling catheters (long-term tubes inserted into body orifices for drainage, such as through the urethra and into the urinary bladder) are susceptible to infections because

An isolated colony on a streak plate contains millions (or even billions) of identical cells all arising from one initial cell.

Bacterial growth refers to an increase in the numbers of cells in a bacterial culture.

Pure cultures can easily be obtained on streak plates, even if the desired bacteria are present in very low concentrations in the initial culture broth.

Agar is used as a solidifying agent in microbiological media since few bacteria can degrade it.

Laboratory cultivation of obligate anaerobes requires reducing media or special growth chambers filled with inert gases.

Filtration methods, followed by growth of the bacteria trapped on the filters in growth media, are used to count bacteria present in very low concentrations, such as in lakes and streams.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as cyanobacteria, can use atmospheric nitrogen (N2) for their nitrogen source.

Most pathogenic bacteria are thermophiles.

In performing a ten-fold dilutions series from a sample containing 10,000 bacteria per milliliter, the fourth tube in the dilution series will have 10 cells per milliliter.

Turbidity is an indirect measurement of bacterial growth that can be measured using a spectrophotometer.

Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-labile solutions?

Which of the following best describes the pattern of microbial death?

Which of the following chemical agents is used for sterilization?

Which of the following substances is used for surgical hand scrubs?

Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?

The antimicrobial activity of chlorine is due to which of the following?

Which of the following regarding antimicrobial control agents is FALSE?

Which of the following does NOT achieve sterilization?

Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?

An agent used to reduce the number of bacteria on a toilet would most accurately be called a(n)

Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following disinfectants acts by disrupting the plasma membrane?

Oxidizing agents include all of the following EXCEPT

Disinfection of water is achieved by all of the following EXCEPT

All of the following substances are effective against nonenveloped viruses EXCEPT

Which of the following methods is used to preserve food by slowing the metabolic processes of foodborne microbes?

Which concentration of ethanol is the most effective bactericide?

All of the following factors contribute to hospital-acquired infections EXCEPT

Which of the following treatments is the most effective for controlling microbial growth?

Which of the following could be used to sterilize plastic Petri plates in a plastic wrapper?

Which of the following regarding antimicrobial control agents is FALSE?

A suspension of 106 Bacillus cereus endospores was put in a hot-air oven at 170°C. Plate counts were used to determine the number of endospores surviving at the time intervals shown.

22) In Figure 7.1, what is the thermal death time?

In Figure 7.1, the thermal death point for this culture is

In Figure 7.1, the decimal reduction time (D value) for the culture, which is defined as the time to reduce a population by one log, is approximately

Which of the following results in lethal damage to nucleic acids?

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Which graph in Figure 7.2 best depicts the effect of placing the culture in an autoclave for 15 minutes at time x?

Which graph in Figure 7.2 best depicts the effect of placing the culture at 7°C at time x?

In Table 7.1, which compound was the most effective against Staphylococcus?

In Table 7.1, which compound was the most effective against E. coli?

In Table 7.1, which compound was bactericidal?

In Table 7.2, which preservative is most effective?

An iodophor is a(n)

Ethylene oxide

All of the following substances are used to preserve foods EXCEPT

In Table 7.3, which disinfectant is the most effective at stopping bacterial growth?

In Table 7.3, which disinfectant was bactericidal?

In Table 7.3, which disinfectant was most effective against Salmonella?

All of the following are effective for destroying prions EXCEPT

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

All of the following are methods of food preservation EXCEPT

The preservation of beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method of microbial control?

If you were preparing nutrient agar at home and did not have an autoclave, what could you use to sterilize the nutrient agar?

Bone and tendons for transplant are decontaminated by

Which one of the following is most resistant to chemical biocides?

The following is true of quarternary ammonium compounds EXCEPT

Any process that destroys the non-spore forming contaminants on inanimate objects is sterilization.

Desiccation is a reliable form of sterilization.

The thermal death time is the time needed to kill all the bacteria in a particular culture at a certain temperature.

Pseudomonas has been found growing in quaternary ammonium compounds (quats).

Moist heat destroys organisms by denaturing proteins.

Some antimicrobial chemicals are considered to be disinfectants and antiseptics.

The pH of the medium has no effect on the activity of the disinfectant being applied.

Ultraviolet light (UV) causes irreversible breaks in DNA strands.

Autoclaving is the most effective method of moist heat sterilization.

Microorganisms placed in high concentrations of salts and sugars undergo lysis.

A gene is best defined as

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

DNA is constructed of

Which of the following is NOT a product of transcription?

Which of the following statements about bacteriocins is FALSE?

In Figure 8.1, which colonies are streptomycin-resistant and leucine-requiring?

In Table 8.1, what will be the result of conjugation between cultures 1 and 2 (reminder: F+ has a different meaning than Hfr)?

In Table 8.1, if culture 1 mutates to Hfr, what will be the result of conjugation between the two cultures?

An enzyme produced in response to the presence of a substrate is called a(n)

Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell

Genetic change in bacteria can be brought about by

Which of the following statements regarding a bacterium that is R+ is FALSE?

The initial effect of ionizing radiation on a cell is that it causes

According to the operon model, for the synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur, the

Synthesis of a repressible enzyme is stopped by the

In Figure 8.2, if base 4 is thymine, what is base 4'?

In Figure 8.2, if base 4 is thymine, what is base 11' (remember the complimentary configuration of bases in DNA)?

In Figure 8.2, base 2 (and ONLY the base) is covalently bound/attached to

The damage caused by ultraviolet radiation is

Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is

serine-alanine-lysine-leucine, what is the order of bases in the sense strand of DNA?

Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is

serine-alanine-lysine-leucine, the coding for the antisense strand of DNA is

Refer to Table 8.2 The anticodon for valine is

Refer to Table 8.2. What is the sequence of amino acids encoded by the following sequence of bases in a strand of DNA (pay attention to the polarity of the DNA here)?

3' ATTACGCTTTGC

Refer to Table 8.2. If an indeterminate frameshift mutation occurred in the sequence of bases shown below, what would be the sequence of amino acids coded for?

3' ATTACGCTTTGC

In Figure 8.3, if compound C reacts with the allosteric site of enzyme A, this would exemplify

In Figure 8.3, if enzyme A is a repressible enzyme, compound C would

In Figure 8.3, if enzyme A is an inducible enzyme,

Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation

The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus, and the template is from a human cell. The DNA synthesized would be most similar to

Based on the information in Table 8.3, prostate cancer is probably the result of which kind of mutation?

In Figure 8.4, the antibiotic chloramphenicol binds the 50S large subunit of a ribosome as shown (the light gray area is the large subunit, while the black shape is the drug). From this information you can conclude that chloramphenicol

The mechanism by which the presence of glucose inhibits the lac operon is

If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you determine with the most accuracy?

An enzyme that makes covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate groups in another nucleotide in DNA is

An enzyme that copies DNA to make a molecule of RNA is

An enzyme that catalyzes the cutting and resealing of DNA, and is translated from insertion sequences, is

Repair of damaged DNA, in some instances and mechanisms, might be viewed as a race between an endonuclease and

The cancer gene ras produces mRNA containing an extra exon that includes a number of UAA codons. Cancer cells produce ras mRNA missing this exon. This mistake most likely is due to a mistake by

In Figure 8.5, which model of the lac operon correctly shows RNA polymerase, lactose, and repressor protein when the structural genes are being transcribed?

The miRNAs in a cell

Assume the two E.coli strains shown below are allowed to conjugate.

Hfr: pro+, arg+, his+, lys+, met+, ampicillin-sensitive

F-: pro-, arg-, his-, lys-, met-, ampicillin-resistant

What supplements would you add to glucose minimal salts agar to select for a recombinant cell that is lys+, arg+, amp-resistant?

Protein synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to the process in prokaryotes in that both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Recombination will always alter a cell's genotype.

Open-reading frames are segments of DNA in which both start and stop codons are found.

Bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes.

Mutations that are harmful to cells occur more frequently than those that benefit cells.

The miRNAs in a cell inhibit protein synthesis by forming complementary bonds with rRNA.

Some cells may contain multiple genomes.

Both base substitution and frameshift mutations can result in the formation of premature stop codons.

In the Ames test, any colonies that form on the control should be the result of spontaneous mutations.

Transposition (insertion of a transposon into a DNA sequence) results in the formation of base substitution mutations in a cell's DNA.

Cell-to-cell contact is required for transduction to occur.

The following are steps used to make DNA fingerprints. What is the third step?

How many pieces will EcoRI produce from the plasmid shown in Figure 9.1?

In Figure 9.1, after digestion with the appropriate restriction enzyme, what is the smallest piece containing the entire ampicillin-resistance (amp) gene?

In Figure 9.2, the enzyme in step 1 is

In Figure 9.2, the enzyme in step 2 is

The reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptase is

Which of the following is an advantage of using E. coli to make a human gene product?

Which of the following is NOT an agricultural product made by DNA techniques?

If you have inserted a gene in the Ti plasmid, the next step in genetic engineering is

Biotechnology involves the

The figure at the left in Figure 9.3 shows a gene identified by Southern blotting. What will a Southern blot of the same gene look like after PCR?

Which of the following is NOT a desired characteristic of DNA vectors used in gene cloning procedures?

In Figure 9.4, the bacteria transformed with the recombinant plasmid and plated on media containing ampicillin and X-gal will

An advantage of synthetic DNA over genomic or cDNA is the ability to

An advantage of cDNA over genomic DNA is that it

The restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the sequence G↓AATTC. Which of the following is TRUE of DNA after it is treated with EcoRI?

Which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA?

GCATGGATCCCAATGC

Pieces of DNA stored in yeast cells are called a

A population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a

Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a

The Human Genome Project, which was completed in 2003, was focused on

A colleague has used computer modeling to design an improved enzyme. To produce this enzyme, the next step is to

You have a small gene that you wish replicated by PCR. After 3 replication cycles, how many double-stranded DNA molecules do you have?

Which of the following places the steps in the PCR procedure in the correct order?

1) Incubate at 94°C to denature DNA strands;

2) Incubate at 72°C for DNA synthesis;

3) Incubate at 60°C for primer hybridization.

Which of the following are used to silence specific genes and hold promise for treating cancer or viral diseases, such as hepatitis B?

Which of the following techniques is NOT used to introduce recombinant DNA into plants?

In Figure 9.5, the marker genes used for selecting recombinant DNA are

In Figure 9.5, the gene that allows the plasmid to be self-replicating is

Which of the following methods would be used to introduce the plasmid shown in Figure 9.5 into E. coli?

A source of heat-stable DNA polymerase is

Gene silencing involves all of the following EXCEPT

You want to determine whether a person has a certain mutant gene. The process involves using a primer and a heat-stable DNA polymerase. This process is

Which of the following are used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to track outbreaks of foodborne disease?

Assume you have discovered a cell that produces a lipase that works in cold water for a laundry additive. You can increase the efficiency of this enzyme by changing one amino acid. This is done by

The use of an antibiotic-resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes

The following steps must be performed to make a bacterium produce human protein X.

1-Translation

2-Restriction enzyme

3-Prokaryotic transcription

4-DNA ligase

5-Transformation

6-Eukaryotic transcription

7-Reverse transcription

Which of the following places the steps in the correct order?

The use of "suicide" genes in genetically modified organisms is designed to

A restriction fragment is

In the Southern blot technique, which of the following is NOT required?

The Pap test for cervical cancer involves microscopic examination of cervical cells for cancerous cells. A new, rapid diagnostic test to detect human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA before cancer develops is done without microscopic exam. The steps involved in this FastHPV test are listed below. What is the second step?

Which of the following processes is NOT involved in making cDNA?

PCR can be used to identify an unknown bacterium because

The random shotgun method is used in

Restriction enzymes are

The study of genetic material taken directly from the environment is

The term biotechnology refers exclusively to the use of genetically engineered organisms for the production of desired products.

In recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self-replicating segment of DNA, such as a plasmid or viral genome.

The practice of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits, such as high crop yield, is called natural selection.

A shuttle vector is a plasmid that is used to move pieces of DNA among organisms, such as bacterial, fungal, and plant cells.

Nearly all cells, including E. coli and yeast, naturally take up DNA from their surroundings without chemical treatment.

The disadvantage of genomic libraries over cDNA libraries is that genomic libraries contain gene introns.

One of the first commercial successes of recombinant DNA technology was the production of human insulin using genetically engineered E. coli.

Bioinformatics is the use of computer technology to compare and analyze genome sequence.

The Ti plasmid isolated from Agrobacterium can be used to insert DNA into any type of plant.

The Bt toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis has been introduced into some crop plants to make them resistant to insect destruction.