The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the
cognitive model
Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in
-norepinephrine and serotonin
Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. When she talks about her frustrations with attempting to satisfy other people’s demands, her therapist may suggest that Fannie’s attempts could lead to
-distorted self-image
All but which of the following have been implicated in the development of borderline personality disorder?
-low levels of dopamine production
A psychologist is seeing a client who always talks fast, seems to have incredible energy, makes grandiose plans that would be impossible to carry out, and seems to “bounce off the walls.” If this person never shows signs of depression, he is likely to be suffering from ____.
mania
Reduction of anxiety that occurs when feared objects are avoided is the basis of which explanation of phobic avoidance?
operant conditioning
In experiments with Little Albert, Watson demonstrated
the role of classical conditioning in the development of phobias
Jurgen has been diagnosed as having a phobia. This means that Jurgen experiences
an irrational or excessive fear of something
Gina believes that she is the secret love child of the late Princess Diana and singer Elton John. Since she really is not their child, Gina’s belief would be considered a(n)
delusion
The criterion of maladaptive behavior used in determining whether behavior is abnormal would likely to be applied to which of the following cases?
-Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health
A stereotypical man with antisocial personality disorder is likely to have been raised in a home characterized by
-neglect, abuse, and lack of warmth
Tako occasionally finds himself in a state of sheer terror. The sensation lasts for several minutes, and he often believes he is "going crazy." His symptoms most closely describe
-panic disorder
The type of psychological disorder that attracted Sigmund Freud to the study of psychological factors in abnormal behavior would now be called
-functional neurological symptom disorder
Delusions of ______ describe the most common theme among schizophrenia patients.
persecution
Felicia reports that she is hearing voices that continually demean and belittle her. By what criterion is her behavior considered abnormal?
faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
In brain imaging studies, people with antisocial personality disorder showed relatively little activity in the amygdala, which normally ____.
pariticipates in recognition of fear and other negative emotions in others
What is the approximate prevalence of bipolar disorder in the adult U.S. population?
1%
Regarding dissociative disorders, which of the following statements is false ?
-compared to other psychological disorders, dissociative disorders are relatively common
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder demonstrate all of the following except
- psychotic behavior
Approximately how many people are hospitalized for schizophrenia in a given year?
More than 100,000
The fact that antisocial behavioral patterns appear at such an early age and are so difficult to change lends support to the notion that an antisocial personality may be caused by ____.
Biological factors
Regarding major depressive disorder, ____.
-women are more likely than men to be diagnosed
Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by physical symptoms ____.
-that do not have underlying medical cause
Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for a ____ factor involved in anxiety disorders.
-genetic
Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior
-develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth
Mira has hallucinations and delusions. Which of the following is a hallucination, as opposed to a delusion?
-Mira hears critical voices commenting on her every action
As described in the text, psychological models of abnormal behavior based on classical conditioning were useful in developing explanations of
-phobias
Regarding major depressive disorder,
-women are more likely than men to be affected
Which of the following is not one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a behavior is abnormal?
-morality
Different personalities in dissociative identity disorder may demonstrate all of the following except
- different eye colors
Charmaine Coltraine is preoccupied with fears that she has a terrible health problem. Coltraine’s fears are characteristic of
-somatic symptom disorder
In schizophrenia, behavioral excesses are to ____ as behavioral deficits are to ____.
-positive symptoms; negative symptoms
Which anxiety disorder has the highest lifetime prevalence in the population?
-specific phobia
Felicia reports that she is hearing voices that continually demean and belittle her. By what criterion is her behavior considered abnormal?
-faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
Steven has bipolar disorder. All of the following may occur during his manic episodes except
- waxy flexibility
Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for a ____ factor involved in anxiety disorders.
genetic
As described in the text, behavioral models of abnormality assume that abnormal behavior
-is learned in much the same way that normal behavior is learned
All but which of the following statements describes antisocial personality disorder?
-the majority of people with this disorder engage in criminal activities
Phobias develop through associations of aversive stimuli with previously neutral stimuli. This expresses the ______ explanation of phobia development.
-classical conditioning
How do delusions differ from hallucinations?
-Delusions involve false beliefs while hallucinations involve false perceptions
Dissociative amnesia is ____.
-a loss of memory with no identifiable physical cause
Hallucinations are
-perceptions that occur without appropriate external stimuli
Exaggerated energy, enthusiasm, and elation are characteristic of ____.
mania
The most common form of hallucinations, a symptom of schizophrenia, is ____.
auditory
The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the
cognitive model
Angelique has not left her house for two years. She is completely terrified of going out. Based on this description, she is probably suffering from
-agoraphobia
Dr. Vinard suspects his patient Muriel has conversion disorder and refers her to a psychotherapist. At a follow-up visit, Dr. Vinard learns that Muriel failed to schedule an appointment with the psychotherapist. What is the most likely reason for this?
-Muriel may continue to feel that she has a real medical disorder
Within the medical model, distinctive patterns of abnormal behavior are described as
-mental disorders or mental illnesses
According to Freud, abnormal behavior results from
-unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood
Which theory would attribute a person’s depression to faulty interpretations of events and distorted thinking patterns?
cognitive
The American Psychiatric Association once considered homosexuality as a type of mental disorder, but no longer does today. This fact is an example of which way that culture influences ideas about abnormality?
-the same behavior may be judged abnormal at some points in time, but not at others
Schizophrenia follows a _______ and typically develops _______.
-lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood
Which of the following involves the removal of normal restraints that serve to keep impulsive behaviors in check?
-the disinhibition effect
Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, she thinks about committing suicide. She sounds like she may be suffering from ________ disorder.
-major depressive
Which of the following biological factors is most likely to be considered in the cognitive explanation of anxiety disorders?
-minor changes in bodily sensations
Although they have different symptoms and characteristics, dissociative disorders and somatic symptom disorders are often grouped together because they both involve _______ defenses against _____.
-psychological; anxiety
Denise admires her boss greatly at first. They have an intense and productive working relationship, which then turns volatile. Denise exhibits episodes of anger and self-destructive behaviors at work, and is asked to leave. She finds another job, but the same pattern causes her to lose that position as well. What personality disorder best fits Denise’s behaviorial patterns?
-borderline personality disorder
Therapist Charlotte Maley is a behaviorist. She is most likely to suggest that depression is
-the result of losses or shortfalls in reinforcement levels
All but which of the following are myths about suicide?
-people who commit suicide are usually suffering from a psychological disorder, but are not insane
The basic explanation of dissociative identity disorder is that
-it represents a coping response to severe trauma
Pablo has an intense fear of giving oral presentations in class. He also is very fearful of dating. Based on this description, he is probably suffering from
-social anxiety disorder
A personality disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by impairments in identity, in personality traits, and in ____.
-the establishment of empathy or intimacy
George was committed to a psychiatric hospital after he was caught happily shopping at the local supermarket without any clothes on. By what criterion is George’s behavior considered abnormal?
-social deviance
In explaining the development of schizophrenia, the diathesis-stress model emphasizes
-the interaction of genetic predispositions and stress
Regarding causes of suicide, which of the following statements is false ?
-adolescents who have a friend who attempted suicide are less likely than their peers to attempt suicide themselves
Regarding gender and suicide, which of the following statements is true ?
-more women attempt suicide, but more men complete the suicide act
Regarding major depressive disorder,
-women are more likely than men to be affected
In a manic episode of bipolar disorder, a person might be characterized by all but which of the following?
-difficulty committing to decisions
The patterns of behavior in personality disorders are, in many cases,
-highly resistant to change
Eleanor is a quiet 41-year-old housewife. Occasionally, she seems to “become” a 14-year-old male juvenile delinquent. Other times she “becomes” a 52-year-old, foul-mouthed alcoholic. This sounds like a textbook case of ____.
-dissociative identity disorder
All of the following are criticisms of the DSM except
-lack of specific criteria for formulating diagnosis
If you were to investigate the case studies of a number of people with dissociative identity disorder, you would probably find that these people ____.
-usually demonstrate personalities that are very different from each other
Which of the following statements about schizophrenia is true ?
-schizophrenia affects about 1% of the adult population
A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity is known as
-personality disorders
As you wait for a bus, you notice a naked man casually walking down the sidewalk. This behavior is not acceptable and therefore is abnormal based upon the ____ definition of abnormal behavior.
-deviation from social norms
Tatiana is a schizophrenia patient with delusional thinking. Based on this description, what is Tatiana most likely experiencing?
-false firm beliefs
After getting into an automobile accident while fighting with her fiancé, Chou reports that she cannot see. Examinations indicate no apparent medical condition. Based on this description, Chou may be suffering from
-functional neurological symptom disorder
Which of the following statements best captures the cognitive distortion of “mistaken responsibility”?
-my partner is angry today. I must have done something wrong
A major depressive disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and ____.
-possible thoughts of suicide
Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false ?
-whether a person having diathesis develops a particular disorder is primarily dependent on his or her cluster of personality traits
Which theorists are associated with the humanistic model of understanding behavior?
-Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Garth goes to a psychodynamic therapist for treatment of his anxiety. What will be the goal of Garth’s therapy?
-to unroot unconscious conflicts that give rise to his anxiety
Which way of defining abnormal behavior is most likely to change as society changes over time
-social norms approach
A breakdown in the logical structure of thinking and speech, revealed in the form of a loosening of associations, best describes which psychological disorder?
-schizophrenia
Schizophrenia may involve imbalances in nerve pathways that utilize which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
A diathesis is a
-predisposition or vulnerability to a disorder
“I can’t seem to pinpoint why I am so afraid of things. I can’t concentrate on my studies, can’t sleep at night, and I have headaches. I’ve felt like this for more than a year.” This person is most likely describing ____.
-generalized anxiety disorder
Perhaps the earliest idea regarding abnormal behavior was that
-supernatural forces or demonic spirits were at work
Regarding panic disorder, which of the following statements is false ?
-panic attacks can last more than an hour
Diana has borderline personality disorder. Which of the following best describes the major symptoms of her disorder?
-tendency toward mood swings and stormy relationships with others
Edwina is constantly worried. She cannot really identify why she feels this way, and she finds it nearly impossible to relax. Edwina’s therapist believes her symptoms best represent
-generalized anxiety disorder
Genetic studies demonstrate that the concordance rate for schizophrenia is
-highest among monozygotic twins
Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior
-develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth
The criterion of maladaptive behavior used in determining whether behavior is abnormal would likely to be applied to which of the following cases?
-Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health
____ is marked by fluctuations between episodes of depression and mania.
-bipolar I disorder
Whenever Fritz leaves his house, he has a nagging thought that he is forgetting something. He goes back to check that he has turned off the water and stove and locked the door. Some days, it takes Fritz over an hour to actually leave the house. This sounds like a case of
-obsessive-compulsive disorder
Which of the following statements regarding criteria for determining abnormal behavior is false ?
-the one determining feature of abnormal behavior is unusualness
Which ethnic groups have relatively higher rates of suicide?
-caucasian americans and native americans
The irrational or excessive fear of enclosed spaces is called
-claustrophobia
Nikita experiences periods of extreme sadness that alternate with periods of euphoric or elevated mood. Based on this description, Nikita is most likely to be suffering from
-bipolar disorder
Regarding genetic factors in schizophrenia, which of the following statements is false ?
-investigators have identified a single gene that is responsible for creating a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder was formerly called
-manic-depression
Approximately what percentage of men could be classified as having antisocial personality disorder?
-3 to 6%
All but which of the following people have a specific phobia?
-Nicole, who is afraid of venturing out into open places
Which theorist is associated with the study of learned helplessness?
-Martin Seligman
Freudian theory contends that depression
-represents anger turned inwards
Because the anxiety is not tied to any particular object in generalized anxiety disorder, this type of anxiety is often described as
-free-floating
Which of the following people can be described as having features of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
-Buckie, who unlocks and locks her door three times before she enters and leaves her home
Ella finds herself extremely frightened whenever she sees a snake. This describes a form of
specific phobia