Chapter 14 ppt ( Mendel and the Gene Idea) Flashcards

The idea that ___ material contributed by 2 ___ mixes in a manner ____ to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green

An alternative to the blending model is the "______" hypothesis of inheritance also known as the ____

An alternative to the blending model is the "particulate" hypothesis of inheritance ( the gene idea) where parents pass on ___ heritable units (genes)

Gregor Mendel is known as the father of

Gregor Mendel documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance through his experiments with ____

Mendel chose to work with peas because of what 3 reasons

Pea plants have pollen -producing organs (male) known as

Pea plants have an egg -bearing organ ( female) known as

character is a ___ feature

characters are ___

is flower color a character or a trait

trait is a variation of ___

is the purple or white flowers a character or trait

cross fertilization or cross pollination is ______ between _____ plants

Mendel chose to track only those characters that varied in " __-___" manner with an ___-

purple or white nothing else (seed weight, height .. etc) is an example of what manner

Menden also made sure that he started his experiments with varieties that were "____-____"

When plants self-pollinate they produce offspring of the __ variety generation after generation

Purple plants gave rise to just purple plants or white plants gave rise to just white plants is what manner?

In typical breeding experiment mendel mated 2 ___ , ___ varieties

In a typical breeding experiment mendel mated 2 contrasting true-breeding varieties in a process known as

The true-breeding parents are called the ___ generation

The hybrid offspring of the P generation are called the ___ generation

When F1 individuals self-pollinate they produce the ___ generation

( the law of segregation) when mendel crossed contrasting true-breeding white and purple flowered pea plants all of the offspring were

( the law of segregation) when mendel crossed the F1 plants many of the F2 plants had ___ flowers but some had ___ flowers

Mendel discovered a ratio of about __-___ purple to white flowers in the F2 generation

Mendel reasoned that in the F1 plants only the ___ flower factor was affecting the flower color in these hybrids

Purple flower was

White flower was

the factor for ___ flowers was not diluted or destroyed because it reappeared in the F2 generation

1 trait will be ___ and the other trait will be ___

Dominant traits are expressed with

Recessive traits are expressed with

The dominant trait is expressed ____ % in F1 generation

Dominant in F2 generation is always _-_ ratio

How many concepts make up mendels model

( 1st mendels model) alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters known as

( 1st mendels model) slighly ___ nucleotide sequence on ___ of ____

1 gene equals how many alleles

(2 mendel model) an organism inherits __ alleles __ from each parent

What are the 4 concepts of mendels model

(2 mendel model) either 2 of the ___ allele ( true-breeding) or 2 ___ alleles

(3 mendel model) if 2 alleles at a locus differ then 1 the ___ allele determines the organisms appearance ( uppercase letter)

(3 mendel model) if the 2 alleles at a locus differ the other allele the __ allele has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance ( lowercase letter)

(4 mendel model) the 2 alleles for a heritable character ___ during ____ formation and end up in ___ gametes

gamete formation is known as

The law of segregation is expressed in what stage of meiosis

When using a punnett square the dominant trait has to ALWAYS be ___ in the box

an organism with 2 identical alleles for a gene is a

it is said to be _____ for the gene controlling that character (Ho)

homozygous for the gene exhibits ____

PP is what genotype

pp is what genotype

an organism with 2 different alleles for a gene is a ___

It is said to be ___ for the gene controlling that character (He)

Pp is what genotype

genotype =

heterozygous are NOT _____

an organisms phenotype is its

an organisms genotype is its

What is the formula for the genotypic ratio:

What is the formula for the phenotypic ratio:

With any ratio for phenotype or genotype you NEVER

an individual with the dominant phenotype could be either _____ or _____

a test cross allows for us to determine the genotype of an organism with a _____ phenotype but unknown genotype

A testcross crosses an individual with the dominant phenotype with an individual that is _________ for a trait

If any offspring display the recessive phenotype the mystery parent must be ______

Mendel derived the law of segregation by following a ___

The f1 offspring produced in this cross is called a

It is a monohybrid cross as long as the genes are on separate _____ chromosomes

Mendel identified his second law of inheritance by following ___ genes at the ___ time

crossing 2 true-breeding parents differing in 2 characters produce ___ in the F1 generation

in monohybrids heterozygous for __ character(s)

in dihybrids heterozygous for __ character(s)

a dihybrid cross produces ___ phenotypes in the F2 generation

Using the information from a dihybrid cross mendel developed the law of _____

each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair during ____ formation

The law of independent assortment occurs in what stage of meiosis

Following normal mendel genetics with genes on separate homologous chromosomes in both parents are heterozygous for both genes you will always get a ratio of __:__:__:__

Non-mendelian genetics do not follow

the relationship between genotype and phenotype is rarely ___

The inheritance of characters by a single gene may deviate from simple mendelian patterns when (3)

Spectrum of dominance is when alleles show different degrees of ___ and ___ in relation to each other

Complete dominance =

complete dominance occurs when the phenotypes of the ____ and the dominant ___ are ____

PP and Pp both produce purple plants because of

What is an example of complete dominance

Incomplete dominance=

In incomplete dominance the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the 2 _____

In incomplete dominance there is not enough _____ to block ___

What is an example of incomplete dominance

In codominance 2 dominant alleles affect the ____ in ____, ____ ways

In codominance there is no ____ allele

In codominance both are ____ expressed

What is an example of codominance

a dominant alle do not subdue a recessive alle: the alleles don't

alleles are simply variations in a gene's ____ sequence

For any character, dominant/ recessiveness relationships of alleles depend on the level at which we examine the ___

dactyl=

Dominant alleles are not necessarily ____ common in populations than recessive alleles

What is an example of the frequency of dominant alleles

polydactyl is when people are born with six ___ or ___

polydactyl is most common in

most genes exist in populations in more than ____ alletic forms

The ABO blood group in humans is determined by ___ alleles by a ____ gene

I A is the presence of

IB is the presence of

i is not having

using multiple alleles example

multiple alleles code for

pleiotropy is a single gene that effects multiple ____ traits

What is an example of pleiotropy

The human disease PKU causes mental_____ and reduced __ and ___ pigmentation

The cause of the human disease PKU is a mutation in a single gene that codes for an ___ that converts 1 _____ into another.

The human disease PKU effects __ parts of the body

some traits may be determined by __ or ___ genes

In epistasis a gene at one locus ___ the ___ expression of a gene at a second locus

many human characters vary in the population among a range and are called ______ characters

quantitative characters indicate

polygenic inheritance is 2 or more genes that ___ the ___ of 1 trait

What is an example of a polygenic inheritance

another departure from simple mendelian genetics arises when the phenotype for a character depends on ____ as well as genotype

what is an example for another departure from simple mendelian genetics arises when the phenotype for a character depends on enviroment as well as genotype

traits that depend on multiple ___ combined with ____ influences are called ____

an organisms phenotype includes its physical appearance, ______, ___, and ___

an organisms genotype reflects its overall genotype and unique _____

a pedigree is a family tree that describes the ______ of parents and children across generations

a pedigree can't manipulate __ patterns so must use another source

pedigree charts help predict

pedigree charts are useful in case of

many genetic disorders are inherited in a ____ manner

examples of recessively inherited disorders

the allele that codes for genetic disorder has either a ___ protein or no ___ at all

Recessively inherited disorders show up only in individuals _____ for the allele

Carriers are ___ individuals who carry the ___ allele but are ___ normal

Carriers have enough normal __ to function properly

cystic fibrosis common among ___ descent (__% are carriers)

(cystic fibrosis) normal allele for gene codes for ___ transport between ___ and ___

(cystic fibrosis) __ transports channels ____ or ____ in cystic fibrosis individuals

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

mucus buildup in some internal organs due to high ____ of __

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

poor ___ of nutrients in the small intestine

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

chronic ___

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

recurrent ___ infections

if cystic fibrosis is untreated , most likely will die by __ years old

if treated can survive until ___ to ___ years old

sickle-cell disease (ex. pleiotrophy)

affects __ out of ___ african-americans and __ out of __ africans

sickle-cell disease (ex. pleiotrophy)associated with low ___ of ___

sickle-cell disease (ex. pleiotrophy) is caused by the __ of a single amino acid in the _____ protein in red blood cells

Symptoms of sickle-cell disease include

symptoms of sickle-cell disease even go as far as ___ due to ___ clogging small____ when __ content is low

little O2= sickle- cell hemoglobin aggregate into long __ that form the red cells into a ___ shape

in sickle-cell disease the ___ benefit

mating between relatives can __ the probability of passing on ___ traits

mating between relatives are called _____, "__" matings

when mating between relatives more likely mating produces offspring ___ for ___ traits since both relatives are likely to carry the trait

When mating between relatives still __ and ___ are likely

some human disorders are due to dominant allleles one example is

achondroplasia is a form of ____ that is ____ when _____ for the dominant allele

achondroplasia affects _ in _ people

With achondroplasia ____ % of population is homozygous recessive for this trait

in dominantly inherited disorders the ___ allele is more prevalent than the ____ one

huntington's disease

__ to___ people

huntington's disease

is a ____ disease of the ____ system from a ____ dominant allele

huntington's disease

has no obvious _____ effects until about ___ to ___ years of age