Chapter 13 ppt (Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles) Flashcards

Genes are the units of __________ which make up our segments of _____

Sequences of _______ make up genetic information

In plants and animals, gametes (egg or sperm) transmit genes from ______ to ______

DNA is subdivided into ________ in _______

Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce their______

cats produce

maple trees produce

Heredity is the _____ of traits from one _____ to the next

generation=

Variation: shows that _____ differ somewhat in appearance from ______ and _____

Variation: shows that offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and siblings even though they inherit ______

Genetics: the scientific study of ___ and ___

Chromosome contains a single long _______ w/ ______

One chromosome has ___ of genes each of which has a specific sequence of _____

Each gene in an organism’s DNA has a specific ____ on a certain chromosome

Locus: area on the ___ where a specific gene is located

We inherit one set of chromosomes from our ___and one set from our ___

In humans: __ chromosomes in somatic cells

In asexual reproduction, one __ produces ______ offspring by _____

Clone: group of ______ individuals produced by _____ parents

In sexual reproduction, two __ give rise to offspring that have _____ of genes inherited from the __parents

siblings can be __ but not __

Siblings vary ______ from each other and parents

____ and ___is alternate in sexual life cycles

A life cycle is the __________ of stages in the ____ of an organism (in this case humans)

In humans each somatic cell (body cell) has __ chromosomes, made up of __sets

_____ pairs of chromosomes

__ set of chromosomes comes from each parent

A karyotype is a ________ of the ___ in a __

a karyotype represents _______ or _____

Homologous chromosomes (aka: homologs) Are the_____ composing a ____

Homologous chromosomes (aka: homologs) have the same ____ (length, centromere position, and staining pattern)

Homologous chromosomes (aka: homologs) each pair of chromosomes carry ____, _____, the____ inherited characteristics

Homologous chromosomes (aka: homologs) may have different __ of those___

First 22 pairs of homologs are called ____

Sex chromosomes Are ___ from each other in their characteristics

Sex chromosomes Are represented as ___ and ___

Sex chromosomes determine the ___ of the individual

Number of chromosomes in a single set is represented by ___

A diploid cell has the ___ set of______ chromosomes

a human has 46 chromosomes express in diploid equation:

haploid cell is represent as

a diploid cell is represented as

One set of 23 from____ and one set of 23 from _____

Somatic cells are

In a cell in which DNA synthesis has occurred all the chromosomes are _____ and thus each consists of ________

Gametes, sperm and egg cells, are ___ cells containing only ___ set of chromosomes

22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome =

Unfertilized eggs only contain an __ chromosome

a sperm cell can contain an __ or a ___ chromosome

When fertilization occurs, a ____ cell is formed and the offspring gets one set of chromosomes from the ___ and one from the ____

At sexual maturity, the ovaries and testes (gonads) produce ____ gametes by ____ in special cells called ____ cells

Meiosis: cell division that ___ the number of sets of chromosomes from ___ to __ in the gametes

During fertilization these gametes, sperm and ovum (egg), ___, forming a _____

The zygote develops into an ____ by _____

The three main types of sexual life cycles differ in the timing of ___ and ____ according to the spp.

The three main types of sexual life cycles share one thing in common:

In animals ____ occurs during gamete formation

In animals gametes are the only ____ cells

Plants and some algae exhibit an :

Plants and some algae's life cycle includes both ( ) and ( ) ( ) stages

In Plants and some algae the diploid stage is called the ( ) and haploid called spore and gametophyte

In Plants and some algae the haploid stage is called the ( ) and ( )

In most fungi and some protists meiosis produces ___ cells that give rise to a haploid _____ adult organism

In most fungi and some protists the haploid adult carries out _____, producing cells that will become _____

Depending on the type of life cycle, either ____ or ____ cells can divide by _____

However, only ____ can undergo _____

In all three life cycles the ____ and _____ of chromosomes contribute to ______ in offspring

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from _____ to ____

Even though meiosis reduced the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid they still have ____ before meiosis

Meiosis takes place in how many numbers of sets of cell division

What are the names of the 2 sets of cell divisions in meiosis

Meiosis results in ____ daughter cells with ___ the number of chromosomes than the ____ cell

Meiosis 1 reduces the number of chromosomes from ____ to _____

Meiosis 1 contains what stages (4)

Meiosis 2 produces ___, ___ daughter cells

Meiosis 2 contains what stages (4)

In early prophase 1 each chromosome pairs with its __

In early prophase 1 what occurs

What are x-shaped regions called

chiasmata are sites of

In metaphase 1 pairs of homologs line up at the ______ with ___ chromosome facing each pole

Microtubules from one pole are attached to the ____ of one chromosome of each pair and same goes for the other pole.

In anaphase 1 pairs of homologous chromosomes _____

In anaphase 1, 1 chromosome of each pair moves toward opposite poles guided by the ______

In anaphase 1 sister chromatids remain ____ at the ______ and move as 1 unit towards the ____

In the beginning of telophase 1 each half of the cell has a ___ set of chromosomes

Each chromosome consists of _____

Cytokinesis usually occurs _____ forming _____

In animal cells a __________ forms

In plant cells a ______ forms

No chromosomal replication occurs between the end of ____ and the beginning of _____ because the chromosomes are already replicated

In prophase 2 , a _____ forms

In late prophase 2, chromosomes move towards the _____

In metaphase 2 the sister chromatids are arranged at the ____

Because of crossing over in meiosis 1 the 2 sister chromatids of each chromosome are no longer _____

In metaphase 2 the kinetochore of sister chromatids attach to _____ extending from _____ poles

In anaphase 2, the sister chromatids

In anaphase 2 the sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as 2 _____ chromosomes toward ______ poles

In telophase 2 , the chromosomes arrive at _____ poles

In telophase 2 _____ forms

In telophase 2 the chromosomes begin _____

Cytokinesis separates the

at the end of meiosis, there are __ daughter cells, each with a haploid set of ______ chromosomes

Each daughter cell is _______ from the others and from the parent cell

replicated homologs pair up and become connected by a zipper-like protein structure known as the

replicated homologs pair up and become connected by a zipper-like protein structure (synaptonemal complex) this process is known as

Meiosis and mitosis can be distinguished from mitosis by __ events in Meiosis 1

The process of synapsis dissembles expect for one area called the

The process of synapsis dissembles expect for one area (the chiasmata) where ____ occurs

crossing over occurs: genetic rearrangement between _____

each tetrad contains a

a tetrad is ____ chromatids of ______ pair

at metaphase 1 of meiosis paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are positioned on the _____

at metaphase 1 of meiosis paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) are positioned on the metaphase plates rather than _________ chromosomes

at anaphase 1 of meiosis homologous pairs move toward _____ poles of the cell

At anaphase 1 of meiosis cohesins are ___ along chromosome arms to separate _____

In anaphase 2 of meiosis the sister chromatids____

In anaphase 2 of meiosis cohesins are ___ at the ___ to separate ____

Genetic variation contributes to

Reshuffling of genetic material in meiosis produces

Reshuffling of genetic material in meiosis produces genetic variation because it creates different ______ of genes

Originally due to mutations: change in the DNA sequence to cause different versions of genes are called

Is eye color a gene or allele

Is blue vs. brown eye color a gene or allele?

In species that produce sexually the behavior of chromosomes during ____ and ____ are responsible for most of the variation that arises each generation

How many mechanisms are there that contribute to genetic variation

What are the 3 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation

homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at _____ of _____

Within homologous pairs of chromosomes each pair may orient with either the ___ or ____ homolog independently of other pairs

In humans, there are more than ____ million possible combinations of chromosomes

Crossing over produces _____ chromosomes that carry ____ derived from 2 _____

In humans, average of ___-____ crossover events occurs per chromosome

The fusion of gametes will produce a ____ with any of about ____ trillion diploid combinations

With the fusion of gametes you don't know which ___ will fertilize which ___

Mutations are the _____ source of _______

Sexual reproduction produces new ___ of ____ genes adding more ____