EXAM 2 MATERIAL Flashcards

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?

-G3P

-glucose

-acetyl CoA

-NADH + H⁺

-pyruvate

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

cellular respiration
photosynthesis
substrate-level phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

ATP
FADH2
CO2
NADH + H+
acetyl CoA

In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atoms—in acetate—to CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathway—the citric acid cycle. Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction.

Use your knowledge of the first three stages of cellular respiration to determine which explanation is correct.

-More ATP is produced per CO2 released in cyclic processes than in linear processes.
-It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA.
-Redox reactions that simultaneously produce CO2 and NADH occur only in cyclic processes.
-Cyclic processes, such as the citric acid cycle, require a different mechanism of ATP synthesis than linear processes, such as glycolysis.

Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work?

Phosphate
ATP
ADP
Glucose

True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.

Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
Fermentation

Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?

Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Fermentation

Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?

NADH
Carbon dioxide
ATP
Water

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

The electron transport chain is the first step in cellular respiration.
NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain.
Water is the last electron acceptor.
Electrons gain energy as they move down the chain.

Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?

Krebs cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate
Glycolysis

True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.

True
False

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

-to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
-to provide the driving force for the production of a proton gradient
-to oxidize NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle
-to provide the driving force for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.)

Neither electron transport nor ATP synthesis would be affected.
Electron transport would stop but ATP synthesis would be unaffected.
Electron transport would be unaffected but ATP synthesis would stop.
Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.

NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers that donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport. However, the amount of ATP made by electrons from an NADH molecule is greater than the amount made by electrons from an FADH2 molecule.

Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2?

-Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.
-It takes more energy to make ATP from ADP and Pi using FADH2 than using NADH.
-FADH2 is made only in the citric acid cycle while NADH is made in glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle.
-The H+ gradient made from electron transport using NADH is located in a different part of the mitochondrion than the H+ gradient made using FADH2.
-There is more NADH than FADH2 made for every glucose that enters cellular respiration.

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

2
3
5
1
4

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

photosynthesis
photophosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation
cellular respiration

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

NADH
pyruvate
FADH2
ATP

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?

NADPH
hexokinase
ADP
ATP
FADH2

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2
1
3
4
5

When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes _________. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor.

2. When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes __________. Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor.

3. In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is ______________.

Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called __________.

5. ____________ is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis.

6. The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is ___________.

Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?

CO2 only
ATP only
pyruvate and ATP only
ATP and NADH only
pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
NADH only
O2 only

Sort the statements into the appropriate bin depending on whether or not they correctly describe some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis.

• An enzyme is required in order for the reaction to occur.
• One of the substrates is a molecule derived from the breakdown of glucose.
• A bond must be broken between an organic molecule and phosphate before ATP can form.
• The enzymes involved in ATP synthesis must be attached to a membrane to produce ATP.
• The phosphate group added to ADP to make ATP comes from free inorganic phosphate ions

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP
lactate and NAD+
lactate, NADH, and ATP
pyruvate
carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.

NADH ... lactate
pyruvate ... NADH
lactate ... NADH
NAD+ ... pyruvate
lactate ... ethanol

Part A
Which of these is a receptor molecule?

C
A
E
B
D

A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor.

G protein
signal molecule
tyrosine kinase
cyclic AMP
calmodulin

Which of these is a signal molecule?

A
E
B
C
D
.

A signal molecule is also known as a(n) _____.

key
initiator
ligand
receptor
protein

Which of these is the second of the three stages of cell signaling?

gene activation
reception
binding of a neurotransmitter to a plasma membrane receptor
transduction
cell response

Which of these receptors is NOT a membrane receptor?

A

E

D

B

C

Which of these is a G-protein-linked receptor?

E
B
D
C
A

Which of these is a receptor tyrosine kinase?

C
A
E
B
D

Which of these is an ion-channel receptor?

D
A
B
E
C

The binding of signal molecules to _____ results in the phosphorylation of tyrosines.

A
B
E
D
C

Which of these receptor molecules would allow Na+ to flow into the cell?

A
E
D
B
C

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?

glucose
estrogen
cellulose
starch
glycerol

.

A(n) _____ is an example of a signal molecule that can bind to an intracellular receptor and thereby cause a gene to be turned on or off.

carbohydrate
ion
protein
nucleic acid
steroid

_____ is a signal molecule that binds to an intracellular receptor

D
B
E
A
C

Thyroid hormones bind to _____ receptors.

steroid
plasma membrane ion-channel
intracellular
G-protein-linked
tyrosine-kinase

Which of these acts as a second messenger?

D
C
A
B
E

Which of these is responsible for initiating a signal transduction pathway?A

B
C
D
E

What role does a transcription factor play in a signal transduction pathway?

-By binding to a plasma membrane receptor it initiates a cascade.
-It relays a signal from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane.
-It activates relay proteins.
-By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.
-It is a plasma membrane protein that binds signal molecules.

This is the function of a transcription factor.

Which of these is a membrane receptor?

A
B
C
D
E

A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor.

G protein
tyrosine kinase
calmodulin
signal molecule
cyclic AMP

Which of these acts as a second messenger?

protein kinase
G-protein-linked receptor
G protein
adenylyl kinase
cyclic AMP

Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in _____.

endoplasmic reticula
mitochondria
lysosomes
chloroplasts
peroxisomes

_____ catalyzes the production of _____, which then opens an ion channel that releases _____ into the cell's cytoplasm.

Adenylyl cyclase ... IP3 .... Ca2+
Phospholipase C ... cyclic AMP ... Ca2+
Adenylyl cyclase ... cyclic AMP ... Ca2+
Phospholipase C ... IP3 .... Ca2+
Protein kinase ... PIP2 ... Na+

A protein kinase activating many other protein kinases is an example of _____.

deactivation
mutualism
sensitization
a cellular response
amplification

The cleavage of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase releases _____.

glucose-1-phosphate
nothing: glycogen phosphorylase cannot cleave glycogen
cellulose
galactose-1-phosphate
fructose-1-phosphate

Epinephrine acts as a signal molecule that attaches to _____ proteins.

ion-channel receptor
G-protein-linked receptor
intracellular receptor
receptor tyrosine kinase
nuclear receptor

Which of these is activated by calcium ions?

G protein
calmodulin
IP3
PIP2
adenylyl cyclase

Which of these is NOT correct?

Ion channels are found on both the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Cyclic AMP binds to calmodulin.
Phospholipase C catalyzes the formation of IP3.
Tyrosine-kinase receptors consist of two polypeptides that join when activated by a signal molecule.
Kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate other molecules.

A toxin that inhibits the production of GTP would interfere with the function of a signal transduction pathway that is initiated by the binding of a signal molecule to _____ receptors.

intracellular
steroid
G-protein-linked
ion-channel
receptor tyrosine kinase

Orange dye moves independently of purple dye?

Concentration gradients exist that drive diffusion both dyes

There is a net movement of orange dye from side A to B

Purple dye moves only from side B to side A

There is no movement of purple dye

Some solutes are able to pass directly through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane, whereas other solutes require a transport protein or other mechanism to cross between the inside and the outside of a cell. The fact that the plasma membrane is permeable to some solutes but not others is what is referred to as selective permeability.
Which of the following molecules can cross the lipid bilayer of a membrane directly, without a transport protein or other mechanism? Select all that apply.

lipids
oxygen
ions
water
proteins
sucrose
carbon dioxide

The majority of solutes that diffuse across the plasma membrane cannot move directly through the lipid bilayer. The passive movement of such solutes (down their concentration gradients without the input of cellular energy) requires the presence of specific transport proteins, either channels or carrier proteins. Diffusion through a transport protein in the plasma membrane is called facilitated diffusion.
Diagram showing facilitated diffusion across the plasma membrane. A channel protein embedded in the membrane allows yellow balls to travel through a channel from the outside of the cell to the inside. A carrier protein embedded in the membrane undergoes a shape change allowing red balls to travel from the outside of the cell to the inside.
Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they are true only for channels, true only for carrier proteins, or true for both channels and carriers.

• • provide a continuous path across the membrane
  • allow water molecules and small ions to flow quickly across the membrane
  • undergo a change in shape to transport solutes across the membrane
• • transport primarily small polar organic molecules
  • are integral membrane proteins
• • transport solutes down a concentration or electrochemical gradient
  • provide a hydrophilic path across the membrane

Because ions carry a charge (positive or negative), their transport across a membrane is governed not only by concentration gradients across the membrane but also by differences in charge across the membrane (also referred to as membrane potential). Together, the concentration (chemical) gradient and the charge difference (electrical gradient) across the plasma membrane make up the electrochemical gradient.
Consider the plasma membrane of an animal cell that contains a sodium-potassium pump as well as two non-gated (always open) ion channels: a Na+ channel and a K+ channel. The effect of the sodium-potassium pump on the concentrations of Na+ and K+ as well as the distribution of charge across the plasma membrane is indicated in the figure below.

Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the driving forces for diffusion of Na+ and K+ ions through their respective channels? Select all that apply.

1. The diffusion of Na+ ions into the cell is facilitated by the Na+ concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.
2. The diffusion of Na+ ions into the cell is impeded by the electrical gradient across the plasma membrane.
3.The diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell is impeded by the K+ concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.
4.The diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell is impeded by the electrical gradient across the plasma membrane.
5. The electrochemical gradient is larger for Na+ than for K+.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to this animation?

Potassium ions are transported down their concentration gradient.
The cell is not expending energy.
Both sodium and potassium ions are transported against their concentration gradients.
The cell does not expend ATP.
Sodium ions are transported down their concentration gradient.

Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they describe exocytosis, endocytosis, or both.

• requires fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
• secretes large molecules out of the cell
• increases the surface area of the plasma membrane
• forms vesicles from inward folding of the plasma membrane
• decreases the surface area of the plasma membrane
• requires cellular energy
• transported substances never physically cross the plasma membrane

Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.

into ... membranous vesicles
out of ... diffusion
into ... facilitated diffusion
out of ... membranous vesicles
into ... a transport protein

You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____.
Click to launch animation

the cell is engulfing a large particle
the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid
a receptor protein is involved

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.

exocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
facilitated diffusion
pinocytosis
phagocytosis

What is the function of Structure E?

detection of environmental change
structural support of the cell
transport across the plasma membrane
stabilization of the phospholipids
cell-cell communication

Identify Structure D.

protein
glycoprotein
extracellular matrix
phospholipid bilayer of membrane
cholesterol

Identify Structure A.

protein
phospholipid
cholesterol
extracellular matrix
glycoprotein

Structure A in the figure is a(n) _____.

receptor molecule
antibody
transport protein
structural protein
enzyme

Which of these cannot rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane?

A only
C only
B only
D only
B, C, and D

Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability?

Temperature
The saturation of hydrocarbon tails in membrane phospholipids
The polarity of membrane phospholipids
The amount of cholesterol in the membrane

How can a lipid be distinguished from a sugar?

Lipids are mostly saturated.
Lipids are mostly nonpolar.
A lipid dissolves in water.
A lipid is made up of only hydrocarbons.

True or false? Osmosis is a type of diffusion.

True
False

What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans?

Permeability
Amphipathic nature
Solubility in water
Hydrophobic nature

Which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane?

Hydrogen ion (H+)
Sodium ion (Na+)
Oxygen (O2)
Glucose

True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.
Hints

True
False

If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell?
Hints

Hypotonic
Osmotic
Hypertonic
Isotonic

What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?

pinocytosis
phagocytosis
osmosis
passive transport
diffusion

This cell is in a(n) _____ solution.

hypertonic
isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic or isotonic
hypotonic and isotonic

You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____.

isotonic ... neither lost nor gained water
hypertonic ... lost water
hypertonic ... gained water
hypotonic ... shrunk
hypotonic ... swelled

You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it _____.

hypertonic solution ... lost water
hypotonic ... is turgid
hypertonic ... gained water
hypotonic ... lysed
hypertonic ... lysed

A human cell placed into a hypertonic solution is likely to

burst as a result of osmosis.
lose water by osmosis.
increase in size.
remain unchanged.

When a person is dehydrated, his or her IV fluids

-are not necessary, since a dehydrated person would not require IV fluids.
-should be hypotonic, because if dehydrated, he or she needs as much water as possible.
-should be isotonic, because either a hypertonic or hypotonic IV would damage red blood cells.
-should be hypertonic, because if dehydrated, he or she probably needs salt as well.

If you are going to bake potatoes, and your potatoes are soft and dehydrated, they can be soaked in __________ to make them more firm before baking.

a hypertonic solution such as distilled water
a hypotonic solution such as tap water
a hypertonic solution made with distilled water and a tablespoon of salt
an isotonic solution

A human cell placed in a hypotonic environment would

lose water through osmosis.
have no change in net water balance.
shrivel up.
take up water through osmosis.

A cell that neither gains nor loses water while sitting in a solution is probably sitting in

a hypotonic environment.
distilled water.
a hypertonic environment.
an isotonic environment.

Paramecium is a genus of protists that lives in water. It has organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate the excess water gained through osmosis. Knowing that Paramecia gain water through osmosis, we can deduce that they normally live in

ice and very cold environments.
freshwater lakes and ponds.
the ocean.
very salty environments.

Many bacteria and fungi have a difficult time surviving on our food if the food is very salty. The best explanation for this is

-that the salt in the food creates a hypertonic environment for the bacteria and fungi.
-that bacteria and fungi cannot survive in a hypotonic environment.
-that bacteria and fungi cannot survive in an isotonic environment.
-that the salt in the food creates a hypotonic environment for the bacteria and fungi.

If a single layer of phospholipids coats the water in a beaker (NOT A BILAYER), which parts of the molecules will face up into the air?

-the hydrocarbon tails
-the phosphate heads
-both the head and tails because the molecule is amphipathic
-the glycolipid regions

The movement of tagged proteins in hybrid cells formed form the fusion of a mice and human plasma membranes best illustrates

1.support for the fluid-mosaic model
2. flip flopping of phospholipids
3.transport of small non-polar molecules into the cell
4. the origins of Stuart Little

Glycoproteins and glycolipids are important for

cell-cell recognition
active transport
facilitated diffusion
energy reserves for the membrane

Which of the following is an organelle found in a prokaryotic cell?

none, prokaryotes do not have organelles.
ribosome
DNA
plasma membrane

Autotrophs use which of the following to power cellular work

ATP
sunlight
glucose
CO2 and H2O

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of cell theory?

Viruses are the smallest type of cell.
All cells arise from other cells
Cells are the most basic unit of life.
All living organisms are composed of cells.

Which of the following can be found in a bacterial chromosome?

DNA
histone proteins
chromatin
nucleoid region

The fluidity of membranes in a plant in cold weather may be maintained by increasing the

-number of phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails.
-number of phospholipids with saturated hydrocarbon tails.
-number of transmembrane proteins
-surface area to volume ratio of the cell

Facilitated diffusion of ions across a cellular membrane requires _________; and the ions move ___________.

-channel proteins; down their electrochemical gradient
-protein pumps; against the electrochemical gradient
-channel proteins; down their concentration gradient
-osmotic potentials; into the cell

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about osmosis?

-It is a passive process in cells without cell walls, but transport across the cell wall requires energy.
-water moves into the cell from a hypotonic solution
-it can occur rapidly though channel proteins call aquaporins
-there is no net osmosis when cells are in an isotonic solution.

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?

-The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygen have more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water and carbon dioxide.
-The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP.
-Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O).
-The covalent bond in O2 is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules.
-The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 than they do in organic compounds.

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

-the action of a kinase enzyme.
-chemiosmosis.
-oxidative phosphorylation.
-oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
-photophosphorylation.

Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the figure?

-ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work.
- i acts as a shuttle molecule to move energy from ATP to ADP.
-Inorganic phosphate is created from organic phosphate.
-Energy from catabolism can be used directly for performing cellular work.
-ADP + i are a set of molecules that store energy for catabolism.

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
combine with carbon, forming CO2.

-act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
-combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
-catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.
-yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.

A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP-powered pumps are often called ATPases although they don't often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). If a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10-7 while the concentration in the SR is 10-2, then how is the ATPase acting?

-ATPase activity must be powering an inflow of calcium from the outside of the cell into the SR.
-ATPase activity must be opening a channel for the calcium ions to diffuse back into the SR along the concentration gradient.
-ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient.
-ATPase activity must be transferring i to the SR to enable this to occur.
-ATPase activity must be routing calcium ions from the SR to the cytosol, and then to the cell's environment.

The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be

-transported into the matrix of the mitochondria.
-moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
-pumped into the intermembrane space.
-transferred to the ATP synthase.

What is the importance of fermentation to cellular metabolism?

It reduces NADH to NAD+ in the absence of O2.
It produces ethanol or lactate for cellular respiration.
It uses pyruvate to produce ethanol or lactate.
It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ in the absence of O2.

Brown fat is special type of fat cell found in human babies and hibernating animals which helps these organisms maintain a high body temperature in hostile environments. Brown fat cells contain mitochondria that express an uncoupling protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, thermogenin, that serves as a passive transporter for protons. Brown fat cells can generate ATP and also generate a substantial amount of body heat. What mechanism best explains the role of uncoupling proteins in generating body heat?

-Oxidative phosphorylation produces excess heat due to the passive transport of protons.
-The potential energy of the proton gradient is converted to heat as the protons move down the concentration gradient into the matrix.
-The potential energy of the proton gradient is converted to heat as the protons move down the concentration gradient into the intermembrane space.
-The energy of the ATP synthase is converted to heat as the protons are pumped out of the matrix by the uncoupling protein.

Animals inhale air containing oxygen and exhale air with less oxygen and more carbon dioxide. After inhalation, the oxygen missing from the air will mostly be found in
the carbon dioxide that is exhaled.

organic molecules.
lactate.
water.
ethanol.

In the following redox reaction, _______ is oxidized and _______ is reduced.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) + NAD+ + H+ + Pi → 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) + NADH

BPG; NADH + H+
NAD+; NADH + H+
G3P; NAD+
G3P; NADH + H+