Microbiology: Unit 1 Flashcards

Define microbe

T/F: Microbes are generally only able to be seen with the aid of a microscope

T/F: Microbes are visible to the naked eye when they form aggregations such as a biofilm or a colony.

T/F: Microbes are found among the domains Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.

T/F: Microbes include viruses which are not considered cells.

T/F: Microbes and/or microbial activities are involved in the decomposition of organic matter in the soil.

T/F: Microbes and/or microbial activities are involved in water treatment plants.

T/F: Microbes and/or microbial activities are involved in the production of vaccines and antibiotics.

T/F: Microbes and/or microbial activities are involved in many biotechnology applications.

You are observing a cell through a light microscope and note that it has no apparent nucleus. You conclude that it most likely...

T/F: Regarding Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, there was air involved

T/F: Regarding Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, there was a food source involved

T/F: Regarding Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, all microorganisms were killed before the beginning of the experiment

T/F: Regarding Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, any possibility of contamination was removed.

T/F: In order to establish that a certain bacterium causes disease, it is necessary to obtain a pure culture of the bacterium from an infected animal

T/F: In order to establish that a certain bacterium causes disease, it is necessary to inject a healthy animal with a pure culture of the suspected bacterium

T/F: In order to establish that a certain bacterium causes disease, it is necessary to show that the bacterium is not present in healthy animals

T/F: In order to establish that a certain bacterium causes disease, it is necessary to perform a Gram stain on the bacterial cells

T/F: In order to establish that a certain bacterium causes disease, it is necessary to show the same bacterium is isolated from infected animals

What are Chemolithotrophs?

T/F: Resolution can be improved by using a longer wavelength of light

T/F: Resolution can be improved by using a lens with high value of numerical aperture

T/F: Resolution can be improved by using immersion oil and the oil immersion objective lens

T/F: Resolution can be improved by improving contrast by use of a stain or other method

Which microscope has similar resolution to the light microscope, does not require staining of the sample, allows one to view cells in their living state, and takes advantage of differences in the refractive indexes of cell structures to provide contrast?

Total magnification=

What is the purpose of the parabolic surface of the objective lens?

What enables lenses to magnify an image?

What enables selective labeling of cellular structures with light emitting dyes?

What will typically stain some cells one color and other cells another color?

In comparing light microscopy with electron microscopy, one would employ the:

(Q11)

T/F: Electron microscopy has a resolution about 1000X greater than a light microscope

For electron microscopy, ________rather than lenses are used to focus the beam of electrons.

T/F: Live specimens are not able to be observed by electron microscopy

T/F: For electron microscopy, scanning EM reveals the surface features of a specimen

What are prokaryotic cell membranes comprised of?

Gram_______ bacteria have two phospholipid-containing membranes

What are Hopanoids?

__________ are prokaryotes whose phospholipid fatty acid structure differs from otherprokaryotes

List components of peptidoglycan

Lipid inclusions contain_________.

What do Magnetosomes enable cells to do?

Gas vacuoles are a feature of ________.

Carboxysomes are found in __________.

Fimbriae and Pili are generally used for__________.

T/F: Specialized pili are used used for DNA transfer between bacterial cells

Counterclockwise flagellar movement results in________.

T/F: Flagellar motion in a bacterium occurs in a wave-like motion like a eukaryotic flagellum

T/F: When a bacterium is tumbling it is not moving in any particular direction and stops.

Stalk formation in certain bacteria results in____________.

Archaea have cell walls that are not made of peptidoglycan, but rather of a similar structure called___________.

A____________ is a polysaccharide layer that is only loosely associated with the exterior of the cell

T/F: The periplasmic space is an area that lies outside of the LPS layer of Gram-negative cells

_____________ follows DNA replication in bacteria and is where new cell wall synthesis occurs.

What are specific nutrients that a cell cannot make and must obtain from its environment?

(Q20)

If you prepared a liquid (aqueous) growth media containing mineral salts, trace elements, no organic carbon source, and light you would be selecting for________.

The formation of a mother cell, the production of dipicolinic acid, asymmetric septation are all part of which process?

T/F: A fed batch culture will grow indefinitely

T/F: The best method for determining viable cell numbers in a sample is to ____________.

T/F: Differential media allows one to visualize different biochemical properties among bacteria.

The____________ transports molecules into the cell then phosphorylates the molecule, thereby maintaining the gradient to allow more molecules to move inside

___________ are the prominent flora beneath icebergs in the arctic and antarctic.

Exposure to temperatures above 40-45C will trigger the heat shock response in___________.

The fastest growth rate for a species occurs at temperatures where___________.

____________ possess features that allow their proteins and cell membranes to function at high temperature.

T/F: Eukaryotic cells are generally as heat tolerant as bacteria

(Q29)

List enzymes that help protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical)

Concerning catalase, SOD, and peroxidase enzymes, __________ have only some, or none of these protective enzymes.

Concerning catalase, SOD, and peroxidase enzymes, an __________ typically has all of these enzymes.

T/F: Antiseptics are of higher strength since they are used for cleaning of inanimate objects; disinfectants are used on living tissue such wound cleaning or surgical preparation.

Gases like ethylene oxide are effective in sterilizing_____________.

T/F: Probiotics are antibiotics used to eliminate certain groups of bacteria from the gut.

Organisms adapted to grow at overwhelmingly high pressures are called___________.

By themselves, heterorophs would deplete the world of__________ sources and starve to death.

During respiration, electrons (originating from cytoplasmic reductions) are______________.

Anaerobic respiration is the use of______________.

Define nitrification.

This atmospheric gas is produced from the reduction of an alternative terminal electron acceptor in microbial respiration.

The proteins of the electron transport systems are usually_____________.

Why is a large amount of energy is released when oxygen accepts electrons?

Define cofactors

Many of the redox centers that comprise the electron transport system (ETS) are integral components of larger protein complexes, whereas others, such as_______, freely diffuse within the membrane as they ferry electrons between other ETS components.

During___________redox reactions happen in the cytoplasm and ATP is generated via substrate-level phosphorylation.

What is the most likely explanation for the high numbers of sulfate reducers present in marine environments?

Arrange the following items in the order in which they receive electrons from glycolysis and TCA oxidations and harness the energy to establish a transmembrane proton gradient.

The relationship between the reduction potential, E, and the change in free energy, ΔG is such that if E is __________, then ΔG is __________ and the reaction is __________.

For what process are the electrons from glycolytic reactions returned to the partially oxidized food source instead of being passed through an ETS system to a terminal electron acceptor.

What processes contribute to the proton motive force during aerobic respiration?

What determines which electron donor and electron acceptor a given microbe uses in its anaerobic ETS?

The earliest life forms on our planet may have used which electron acceptor?

T/F: Autotrophs comprise only those types that can use light energy, i.e. photosynthesize

What are the types of autotroph?

Though not all members of this kingdom fit into one of the following 3 groups, many can be categorized as being methanogens, halophiles, or thermophiles, including hyperthermophiles

An attenuated strain of a pathogenic bacteria or virus provided to a person__________.

Pasteur's work with the french wine industry proved what?

T/F: Pasteur's work with the french wine industry proved that microbes can cause disease

T/F: Viruses are considered cells

Though changes were made later, the__________was originally formed to contain all microorganisms

The evolution of_________allowed for later evolution of cells with an aerobic metabolism

The__________contains the peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria

Crystization of membrane phospholipid fatty acids (like cyclopropane) would confer_____________.

Polysome formation in bacteria is able to occur because_____________.

What serves to help maintain the shape of the cell?

What yields a high quantity of polypeptide in a short time interval?

What is duplicated in the initial stage of DNA replication?

What is a loose, unorganized assemblage of polysaccharide-protein material secreted by a bacterium that surrounds the cell.

Who discovered lithotrophic bacteria?

Who performed experiments with the swan necked flask?

What did Louis Pasteur use the swan necked flask to show?

The most abundant molecule in the cell is___________.

A second, outer membrane is found in____________.

Aspirin, like many pharmaceutical drugs, can access the cell because it is a weak acid. This occurs because_____________.

Bacteria carry out bidirectional replication of their single chromosome by using_____replisomes that each contain______DNA polymerase enzymes.

How many different cellular components are in Gram-negative bacterium?

What are metachromatic granules?

What are sulfur granules a product of?

Which of the following specialized structures/inclusion would aquatic photoautotrophic bacteria likely possess?

What are thylakoids?

The carboxysome is likely found in__________.

What is the H antigen?

Counterclockwise rotation of flagella/flagellum produces__________.

What can produce a type of motility involving intermittant attachment?

What can the Enter-Douderoff pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, and the Pentose Phosphate shunt all do?

Are catabolic processes exothermic or endothermic?

What type of process leads to the formation of smaller mmolecules from larger, complex molecules.

Food sources for catabolism supply___________; the energy from these is ultimately used to form ATPs.

Glycolysis inititially requires energy input in the form of_________.

Glycolysis forms ATP via_____________.

What does glycolysis yield?

What is an example of anabolism?

What is anabolism?

Lactic acid fermentation is so named because lactic acid is which of the following?

During lactic acid fermentation, NADH reduces ________to________.

If a small molecule is found at greater concentration inside the cell than outside, it can be concluded that____________.

In addition to generating reducing power (i.e., NADPH) for biosynthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway also provides precursors for synthesis of which of the following?

If one molecule of glucose were fully catabolized via aerobic respiration to CO₂ and H₂O, the ATP yield would be roughly times______that obtained from fermentation.

Ethanolic fermentation results in what end product(s)?

The breakdown of starch is a________process carried out by_________?

What is important for catabolism of sugars? respiration, fermentation, or both?

What is the main electron carrier for both respiration and fermentation?

What is a major intermediate for both respiration and fermentation?

A high ATP yield (most from oxidative phosphorylation) is a characteristic of what?

Most carbon being released as CO₂ is a characteristic of what?

Electrons reducing an external electron acceptor (e.g., O₂), is a characteristic of what?

A low ATP yield (primarily from glycolysis) is a characteristic of what?

Electrons from catabolism ending up back on partially oxidized substrate is a characteristic of what?

Reactions that oxidize the organic materialhave a________H and a________∆S.

Why does the process of acquiring nutrients from a more dilute external environment require expenditure of energy by the cell?

Fermentation pathways have the __________ in common.

Bioremediation of certain pollutants (such as aromatic hydrocarbons) may be effectively accomplished via syntrophy, involving__________.

Define Syntrophy

What pathway would be fully operational only in respiring bacteria?

What are Mycoplasma?

What are mycolic acids?

What bacteria are unable to grow in the complete absence of oxygen?

The aggregation of cells, attachment to a surface, and formation of an extracellular polysaccharide miatrix are all part of which process?

Define generation time

Determining the nutritional requirements of a particular bacterial species is best determined by____________.

The reactions that extract energy from molecules like glucose are called____________.

____________refers to all of the metabolic reactions that build or assemble more complex molecules from simpler ones.