A&P 2 Blood Vessels Flashcards

1. Why valves are present in veins but not in arteries?

1. Name two events occurring within the body that aid in venous return?

1. The celiac artery provides blood to the?

1. Why are the walls of arteries proportionately thicker than those of the corresponding veins?

1. How could you tell by simple observation whether bleeding is arterial or venous?

1. The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during_______?

1. Define blood pressure?

1. Interpret 145/85?

1. When renin is released from the juxtaglomerular cells angiotensinogen is converted into ___?

1. Define pulse pressure?

1. How do venous pressures compare to arterial pressures? Why?

1. When venous pressure is too low, ____________ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contract?

1. What event causes the semilunar valves to open?

1. When are the AV valves closed?

1. The smallest arterial branch is called the?

What event within the heart causes the AV valves to open?

Are both sets of valves closed during any part of the cycle? If so, when?

1. Materials can move across capillary walls by what kind of transportation?

1. Define pulse pressure? Why is this measurement important?

1. At what point in the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the heart highest?

1. When measuring patient’s Blood pressure what factors may influence BP?

What might an abnormal increase in venous pressure indicate? Why?

In which position (sitting, reclining, or standing) is the blood pressure normally the highest: Standing; Sitting, or Reclining?

1. In which position (sitting, reclining, or standing) is the blood pressure normally the lowest: Standing; Sitting, or Reclining?

1. What effect do the following have on blood pressure (Indicate increase or decrease by)?increased diameter of the arterioles?
   • increased blood viscosity
   • increased cardiac output
   • hemorrhage
   • arteriosclerosis
   • increased pulse rate

1. Materials can move across capillary walls by what kind of transportation?

1. As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries, the resistance _____?

1. Trace the pathway of oxygen gas molecules from an alveolus of the lung to the right atrium of the heart. Name all structures through which it passes. Identify the areas of gas exchange by making it bold or different color font?

1. Define the following terms: systole? diastole?

1. Assume someone has been injured in an auto accident and is hemorrhaging badly. What pressure point would you compress: the thigh___ _____? the forearm ___ ____?, the thumb __ __?

If an individual’s heart rate is 80 beats/min, what is the length of the cardiac cycle?

Define pulse?

1. Identify the artery palpated at each of the pressure points listed: at the wrist_______; at the side of the neck ____; in front of the ear________?

1. When you palpating the various pulse or pressure points, which appeared to have the greatest amplitude or tension (try this on yourself or a friend)? Why do you think this was so?

1. Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with?

Most arteries of the adult body carry oxygen-rich blood, and the veins carry oxygen-depleted, carbon dioxide–rich blood. How does this differ in the pulmonary arteries and veins?

How do the arteries of the pulmonary circulation differ structurally from the systemic arteries? What condition is indicated by this anatomical difference?

1. What is the source of blood in the hepatic portal system? Why is this blood carried to the liver before it enters the systemic circulation?

Heparin prevents blood clotting by inhibiting the formation of _______and the action of thrombin on fibrinogen?

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of (a) ________, which drains the _______, ______, ___greater curvature of the stomach, and distal large intestine via the inferior mesenteric vein and (b) superior mesenteric, which drains the _____and ______. The gastric vein, which drains the lesser curvature of the stomach, empties directly into the hepatic portal vein.

Because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends is less than net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries _______ fluid leaves the capillaries and ___fluid returns to the capillary?

Trace the flow of a drop of blood from the small intestine to the right atrium of the heart, noting all structures encountered or passed through on the way?

What organ serves as a respiratory/digestive/excretory organ for the fetus?

Blood flow through a capillary is regulated by the ______?

For each of the following structures, first indicate its function in the fetus; and then note its fate (what happens to it or what it is converted to after birth). Circle the blood vessel that carries the most oxygenrich blood.

• Function in Fetus & Fate after Birth for the following.
  • Umbilical artery
  • Umbilical vein
  • Ductus venosus
  • Ductus arteriosus
  • Foramen ovale

1. Which blood vessels are responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients with tissues?

Nutrients from the digestive tract enter the_____________ and delivered to the liver?

1. Which blood vessels conduct blood toward the heart, regardless of oxygen content?

1. Which blood vessel tunica is the most critical in regulating systemic blood pressure?

1. Which blood vessels contains the majority of the body’s blood volume at any one time?

1. Some of the least permeable capillaries are found in the ________, while some of the most permeable capillaries are found in the _________?

1. What effect do the following have on blood pressure (Indicate increase or decrease by)?
   • increased diameter of the arterioles?
   • increased blood viscosity
   • increased cardiac output
   • hemorrhage
   • arteriosclerosis
   • increased pulse rate

Heart rate in a fetus is about ____, in a newborn about _____, and in an adult about ___?

What effect does a long period of skeletal muscle inactivity have on blood flow?

1. Predict what might happen to peripheral resistance in arterioles supplying skeletal muscle when pH levels drop?

List the vessels that blood passes through from the heart and back to the heart?

Baroreceptors detect changes in __________?

If baroreceptors are primed to detect blood pressure changes and compensate for them, how is it that some patients suffer from chronic hypertension?

Which blood vessel supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract?

When blood levels of sodium are increased, which hormones would you expect to increase?

Why does blood velocity decrease as it flows into a capillary bed?

The vessel (great veins) that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms and bring it to the heart is the ______?

A decrease in O₂ level in skeletal muscle would initiate an autoregulatory mechanism that would stimulate _________ in the arterioles supplying the muscle?

Why is vasodilation prominent in the skin when a person increases physical activity?

The primary mechanism driving filtration in capillary beds is ______?

Which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood?

Capillary colloid osmotic pressure created by _________ tends to _______?

What role do the lymphatic vessels have when it comes to fluid movements across capillary beds?

Blood is returned to the heart via which blood vessels?

Blood drained from digestive organs empties into the ______ before going through the liver?

The major vessel delivering deoxygenated blood to the lungs is the ______?

How many branches does the aortic arch give rise to?

What effect does a long period of skeletal muscle inactivity have on blood flow?

The smallest blood vessels in our body is?

The muscular layer (tunica) of blood vessels is?

1. Venules unite to form ________?

1. In which blood vessels, valve is found?

List types of capillaries?

The exchange between blood vessels and cells occurs in which blood vessels?

Which blood vessels also serve as a blood reservoir?

If you have a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg, what is your diastolic pressure? what is your systolic pressure?

1. In which position (sitting, reclining, or standing) is the blood pressure normally the lowest: Standing; Sitting, or Reclining?

1. An increase in peripheral resistance would increase or decrease blood pressure?

1. Materials can move across capillary walls by what kind of transportation?

1. When smooth muscles in the walls of the veins are stimulated to contract what happens to blood pressure?

1. The renin-angiotensin mechanism stimulates the release of which hormone?

The first portion of the aorta is called the ________?

80% of the cerebrum is supplied with blood by which major artery?

Which of the following helps force fluids out of the blood into the tissues?

Diffusion occurs between blood and interstitial fluid in which vessels?

Georgia stands all day at her job. What condition may she develop and suffer as a result?

While standing in the hot sun, Sally begins to feel light-headed and faints. Why?

Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary?

Why are valves located in veins, but not in arteries?

During increased exercise, venous return increases or decreases? why?

The hepatic portal system delivers _____?

In fetal circulation, what is the role of the ductus venosus?

Grace is in an automobile accident, and her celiac trunk is ruptured. Which organs are directly affected by this injury?

Blood from the face and scalp is drained by the?

Which is a unique characteristic of arteries, when compared to veins?

Are both sets of valves closed during any part of the cycle? If so, when?

ADH, angiotensin II, EPO, and ANP are all involved in long-term regulation of blood volume. Which two are also important in regulating blood pressure?

Use the key provided to describe each tunic by selecting its characteristics from the key:

Key:

1. innermost tunic
2. most superficial tunic
3. thin tunic of capillaries
4. especially thick in elastic arteries
5. contains smooth muscle and elastin
6. has a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow.

Cross-sectional views of an artery and of a vein are shown here. Identify each; and on the lines to the sides, note the structural details that enabled you to make these identifications?

Key:

1. vein
2. artery
3. somewhat collapsed lumen
4. thick tunica media
5. open
6. circular lumen
7. thinner tunica media