Campbell Biology 10th Edition: Chapter 4 Flashcards

1) The element present in all organic molecules is _____.

A) hydrogen
B) oxygen
C) carbon

D) nitrogen

2) The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to _____.

A) the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
B) the variety of rare elements in organic molecules
C) the diverse bonding patterns of nitrogen

D) their interaction with water

3) The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that _____.

A) simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can be synthesized only by living organisms

B) a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods
C) living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a few special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products

D) living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena

4) Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the _____.

A) elemental composition from organism to organism
B) types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism

C) sizes of the organic molecules in each organism
D) types of inorganic compounds present in each organism

5) Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that _____.
A) life on Earth arose from simple inorganic molecules
B) organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth
C) life on Earth arose from simple organic molecules, with energy from lightning and volcanoes

D) the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the origin of life

6) When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced?
A) only simple organic compounds such as formaldehyde and cyanide

B) mostly hydrocarbons
C) only simple inorganic compounds
D) simple organic compounds, amino acids, and hydrocarbons

7) Which of the following is true of carbon?
A) It forms only polar molecules.
B) It can form a maximum of three covalent bonds with other elements.

C) It is highly electronegative.
D) It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.

8) Why is carbon so important in biology?
A) It is a common element on Earth.
B) It has very little electronegativity, making it a good electron donor.

C) It bonds to only a few other elements.
D) It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups.

9) How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4

D) 8

10) A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

A) ionic
B) hydrogen
C) covalent

D) ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds

11) Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

C) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.
D) They are less dense than water.

12) Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?

A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.
B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images.
C) They have the same chemical properties.

D) They have different molecular formulas.

13) Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that _____.
A) have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons
B) are mirror images of each other

C) differ in the location of their double bonds
D) differ in the arrangement of atoms around their double bonds

14) What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?
A) the presence or absence of bonds with oxygen atoms
B) the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms

C) the polarity of the covalent bonds between carbon and other atoms

D) the solvent in which the organic molecule is dissolved

15) Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will _____.
A) be more flexible in structure

B) be more constrained in structure

C) be more polar
D) have more hydrogen atoms

16) Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms cannot _____.

A) have a branching carbon skeleton

B) have different combinations of double bonds between carbon atoms
C) have different positions of double bonds between carbon atoms

D) form enantiomers

17) The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____.

A) enantiomers
B) structural isomers
C) cis-trans isomers
D) chain length isomers

18) The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the _____.
A) number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
B) types of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

C) arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
D) number of oxygen atoms joined to carbon atoms by double covalent bonds

19) The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are _____.
A) isotopes
B) enantiomers

C) cis-trans isomers
D) structural isomers

20) The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____.

A) enantiomers
B) radioactive isotopes
C) structural isomers
D) cis-trans isomers

25) Which of the following molecules is polar? C3H7OH C2H5COOH

A) C3H7OH and C2H5COOH are both polar molecules.

B) Neither C2H5COOH or C3H7OH is polar.
C) C2H5COOH is polar, but C3H7OH is not polar.
D) C3H7OH is not polar, but C3H7OH is polar.

26) Which of the functional groups below acts most like an acid in water?

A) amino
B) carbonyl
C) carboxyl

D) hydroxyl

27) A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Therefore, this compound _____.
A) lacks an asymmetric carbon and is probably a fat or lipid
B) should dissolve in water

C) should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent
D) will not form hydrogen bonds with water

28) Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

A) carbonyl and amino groups
B) carboxyl and amino groups
C) amino and sulfhydryl groups

D) hydroxyl and carboxyl groups

29) Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?

A) amino
B) carbonyl
C) carboxyl

D) phosphate

30) A hydrocarbon skeleton is covalently bonded to an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. When placed in water this molecule would function _____.
A) only as an acid because of the carboxyl group
B) only as a base because of the amino group

C) as an acid and a base
D) as neither an acid nor a base

31) Which chemical group can act as an acid?

A) amino
B) carbonyl
C) carboxyl

D) methyl

32) Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol _____.
A) are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula
B) are cis-trans isomers but have the same molecular formula
C) have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton
D) are enantiomers of the same organic molecule

33) What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure below?

A) carbonyl
B) ketone
C) aldehyde
D) carboxyl

34) Which of the structures illustrated above is an impossible covalently bonded molecule?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

35) In which of the structures illustrated above are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) none of the structures

36) Which functional group shown above is characteristic of alcohols?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

37) Which functional group(s) shown above is (are) present in all amino acids?

A) A and B
B) B and D
C) C only

D) B and C

38) Which of the groups shown above is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
A) A
B) B

C) C
D) D

39) Which of the groups above is a carboxyl functional group?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

40) Which of the groups above is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?
A) A
B) B

C) C
D) D

41) Which of the groups above is a basic functional group that can accept H+ and become positively charged?
A) A
B) B

C) C
D) D

42) Which molecule shown above would have a positive charge in a cell?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

43) Which molecule(s) shown above is (are) ionized in a cell?

A) A
B) B and D
C) C and D

D) D

44) Which molecules shown above contain a carbonyl group?

A) A and B
B) B and C
C) B, C, and D

D) C and D

45) Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

46) Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

47) Which molecule shown above contains a carboxyl group?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

48) Which molecule shown above can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is, therefore, an organic acid?
A) A
B) B

C) C
D) D

49) Which molecule shown above can form a cross linkage?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

50) Which molecule shown above contains an amino functional group, but is NOT an amino acid?
A) A
B) B

C) C
D) D

51) Which molecule shown above is a thiol?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

52) Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that cells use to transfer energy between organic molecules?
A) A
B) B

C) C
D) D

53) Which molecule shown above can function as a base?

A) A
B) B
C) C

D) D

54) Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning amino groups? Amino groups _____.
A) are basic with respect to pH
B) are found in amino acids

C) contain nitrogen
D) are nonpolar