A&P Ch21 Flashcards

In which region are the palatine tonsils found?

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?

What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?

During inhalation,

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Which statement is correct?

After blood becomes oxygenated,

Hemoglobin

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?

Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______.

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______.

Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system?

Which of the following features characterizes the right lung?

Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue?

The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the ___________.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae?

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

During the Valsalva's maneuver, what part of the larynx closes to increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as to help with defecation?

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone?

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order?

pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration;

Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

The __________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways."

The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the __________, which appear to be connected by black carbon in smokers.

Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the __________, and the __________ provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue.

__________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______.

The tissue(s) and/or cells that may be affected during laryngitis ______.

Smoking inhibits cilia by inhibiting the movements of ______.

Tracheal obstruction by a large piece of food typically involves obstruction of the ______.

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______.

Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?

Jane had been suffering through a severe cold and was complaining of a frontal headache and a dull, aching pain at the side of her face. What regions are likely to become sites of secondary infection following nasal infection?

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

The larynx contains ________.

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

Calculate the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 755 mm Hg.

Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur?

Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?

What is the volume of the total amount of exchangeable air for a healthy, young adult male?

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?

What is the tidal volume of an average adult male?

Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O₂ delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin?

Which form of CO₂ transport accounts for the least amount of CO₂ transported in blood?

If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______.

Which of the following would NOT be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack?

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

Tidal volume is air ________.

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

Which of the following is not possible?

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity?

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______.

Emphysema can result in an ______.

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O₂ and dispose of CO₂?

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

Oxygen is unloaded where it is most needed when blood pH drops, this is a phenomenon known as ___________.

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?

Which of the following qualifies as a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule?

Hypoxia can be caused by ______.

What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

Which statement about CO₂ is incorrect?

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO₂ transport?

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?

What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?

Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?

What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?

As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO₂ (pCO₂) and pH?

Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?

What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?

A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system?

Which of the following initiates inspiration?

Which of the following respiratory rates illustrates eupnea for an average, healthy adult at rest?`

Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern?

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?

Which of the following inhibits the respiration rate?

Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate?

Hypocapnia causes ______.

What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body?

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His P_O2 was 55 and P_CO2 was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Why did the patient stop breathing?

How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood?

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

Which center is located in the pons?

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment?

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

The structures within the respiratory system's conducting zone include the trachea and the paranasal sinuses.

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

The alveoli are also known as alveolar sacs.

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

Increased temperature results in decreased O₂ unloading from hemoglobin.

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO₂ to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.

Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli.

Although lung cancer is difficult to cure, it is highly preventable.

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

Using the same graph as in Part A above, what is the average number of oxygens bound to hemoglobin at a saturation of 50%?

A fireman breathes in air normally as he enters a building following an explosion and fire. He has a meter that predicts the