During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree
trunk. The moth raised its
forewings to reveal large eyespots on
its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth
lifted its
wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and
triggered a
neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of
certain muscles. A second student
responded that the behavior
might frighten predators. Which statement best describes
these
explanations?
A) The first explanation is correct, but the second
is incorrect.
B) The first explanation refers to proximate
causation, whereas the second refers to
ultimate
causation.
C) The first explanation is biological, whereas the
second is philosophical.
D) The first explanation is testable as
a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not.
E) Both
explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.
B
A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male
cats congregate near the
urine deposits and fight with each
other. Which of the following is a proximate cause of
this
behavior of increased urination?
A) It announces to the
males that she is in heat.
B) Female cats that did this in the
past attracted more males.
C) It is a result of hormonal changes
associated with her reproductive cycle.
D) The female cat learned
the behavior from observing other cats.
E) All of the above are
ultimate causes of behavior.
C
A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male
cats congregate near the
urine deposits and fight with each
other. Which of the following would be an ultimate
cause of the
male catsʹ response to the femaleʹs urinating behavior?
A) The
males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a
female in heat.
B) When the males smelled the odor, various
neurons in their brains were stimulated.
C) Male cats respond to
the odor because it is a means of locating females in heat.
D)
Male catsʹ hormones are triggered by the odor released by the
female.
E) The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive
behavior of the males.
C
Which of the following is a behavioral pattern that results from a
proximate cause?
A) A cat kills a mouse to obtain food.
B) A
male sheep fights with another male because it helps it to improve its
social
position and find a mate.
C) A female bird lays its
eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly
each
day.
D) A goose squats and freezes motionless because
that behavior helps it to escape a
predator.
E) A cockroach
runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on
C
Which of the following is a behavioral pattern resulting from an
ultimate cause?
A) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because
it resembles the breast of another male.
B) A male robin attacks
a red tennis ball because hormonal changes in spring increase
its
aggression.
C) A male robin attacks a red tennis ball
because a part of its brain is stimulated by red
objects.
D)
A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because several times in the
past red tennis balls
have been thrown at it, and it has learned
that they are dangerous.
E) A male robin attacks a red tennis
ball because it confuses it with an encroaching male
who will
steal his territory.
E
The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the
environment, but behavior is
ultimately shaped by
A)
hormones.
B) evolution.
C) sexuality.
D)
pheromones.
E) the nervous system.
B
) Which of the following groups of scientists is closely associated
with ethology?
A) Watson, Crick, and Franklin
B) McClintock,
Goodall, and Lyon
C) Fossey, Hershey, and Chase
D) von
Frisch, Lorenz, and Tinbergen
E) Hardy, Weinberg, and Castle
D
) In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly
of one male elicits attack from
another male by functioning
as
A) a pheromone.
B) a sign stimulus.
C) a fixed
action pattern.
D) a search image.
E) an imprint stimulus.
B
Which of the following statements is (are) true of fixed action
patterns?
A) They are highly stereotyped, instinctive
behaviors.
B) They are triggered by sign stimuli in the
environment and, once begun, are continued
to completion.
C)
An inappropriate stimulus can sometimes trigger them.
D) A and B
only
E) A, B, and C
E
) Animal communication involves what type of sensory
information?
A) visual
B) auditory
C) chemical
D)
A and C only
E) A, B, and C
E
What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night?
A)
olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) tactile
E) electrical
A
What type of signal is brief and can work at night or among
obstructions?
A) olfactory
B) visual
C)
auditory
D) tactile
E) electrical
C
What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no
obstructions?
A) olfactory
B) visual
C)
auditory
D) tactile
E) electrical
B
A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to
another animal of the
same species is called
A) a
marker.
B) an inducer.
C) a pheromone.
D) an
imprinter.
E) an agonistic chemical
C
) Which scientist formulated four questions that motivate the modern
study of animal
behavior?
A) E. O. Wilson
B) Jane
Goodall
C) J. B. S. Haldane
D) Niko Tinbergen
E)
William Hamilton
D
Which scientist determined that digger wasps used landmarks to locate
nest entrances?
A) Karl von Frisch
B) Niko Tinbergen
C)
Konrad Lorenz
D) William Hamilton
E) Ivan Pavlov
B
Which scientist studied imprinting of greylag geese?
A) Karl von
Frisch
B) Niko Tinbergen
C) Konrad Lorenz
D) William
Hamilton
E) Ivan Pavlov
C
A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top,
through which the
sound of a female mosquito is played. All the
males immediately fly to the earphone and
thrust their abdomens
through the fabric of the cage. What is the best explanation for
this
behavior?
A) The males learn to associate the sound
with females.
B) Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the
female flight sound is a sign stimulus
that initiates it.
C)
The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing
them to attempt
to sting it.
D) The reproductive drive is so
strong that when males are deprived of females, they will
attempt
to mate with anything that has even the slightest female
characteristic.
E) Through classical conditioning, the male
mosquitoes have associated the
inappropriate stimulus from the
earphone with the normal response of copulation.
B
If mayflies lay eggs on roads instead of in water, this behavior
could involve which of the
following?
A) a defective
gene
B) trial-and-error learning
C) misdirected response to
a sign stimulus
D) natural behavioral variation in the mayfly
population
E) insecticide poisoning
C
The time during imprinting when specific behaviors can be learned is
called the
A) window of imprinting.
B) major period.
C)
sensitive period.
D) timing imprint.
E) significant window.
C
) Which of the following is true about imprinting?
A) It may be
triggered by visual or chemical stimuli.
B) It happens to many
adult animals, but not to their young.
C) It is a type of
learning that does not involve innate behavior.
D) It occurs only
in birds.
E) It causes behaviors that last for only a short time
(the sensitive period).
A
A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early
life and results in a
behavior that is difficult to modify
through later experiences is called
A) insight.
B)
imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) operant conditioning.
E)
trial-and-error learning.
B
Sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid
areas. This is an
example of
A) taxis.
B)
tropism.
C) kinesis.
D) cognition.
E) net reflex.
C
You turn on a light and observe cockroaches scurrying to dark hiding
places. What have
you observed?
A) taxis
B) learned
behavior
C) migration
D) visual communication
E)
operant conditioning
A
Loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new
information is called
A) adapting.
B) spacing.
C)
conditioning.
D) imprinting.
E) habituation
E
Which of the following could be classified as habituation?
A)
You enter a room and hear a fan motor. After a period of time, you are
no longer
aware of the motorʹs noise.
B) You hear a horn
while driving your car. You step on the brakes but notice the
sound
came from a side street. You resume your previous
speed.
C) One morning you awake to a beep-beep-beep from a
garbage truck working on a
new early morning schedule. The next
week the garbage truck arrives at the same
time and makes the
same noise, but does not wake you up.
D) A and C only
E) A,
B, and C
D
Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the
same behavioral
response as the original sign stimulus is
called
A) concept formation.
B) trial-and-error.
C)
classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
E) habituation.
C
Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his
new tropical fish. After
a few weeks, he noticed that the fish
swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room.
This is an
example of
A) habituation.
B) imprinting.
C) classical
conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
E) maturation.
C
The type of learning that causes specially trained dogs to salivate
when they hear bells is
called
A) insight.
B)
imprinting.
C) habituation.
D) classical
conditioning.
E) trial-and-error learning
D
Which of the following statements about learning and behavior is
incorrect?
A) Operant conditioning involves associating a
behavior with a reward or punishment.
B) Associative learning
involves linking one stimulus with another.
C) Classical
conditioning involves trial-and-error learning.
D) Behavior can
be modified by learning, but some apparent learning is due
to
maturation.
E) Imprinting is a learned behavior with an
innate component acquired during a
sensitive period.
C
A type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the
cardboard tops of milk
bottles left on doorsteps and drink the
cream from the top. What term best applies to
this
behavior?
A) sign stimulus
B) habituation
C)
imprinting
D) classical conditioning
E) operant conditioning
E
Male insects attempt to mate with orchids but eventually stop
responding to them. What
term best applies to this
behavior?
A) sign stimulus
B) habituation
C)
imprinting
D) classical conditioning
E) operant conditioning
B
A salmon returns to its home stream to spawn. What term best applies
to this behavior?
A) sign stimulus
B) habituation
C)
imprinting
D) classical conditioning
E) operant conditioning
C
A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has
red coloring. What term
best applies to this behavior?
A)
sign stimulus
B) habituation
C) imprinting
D) classical
conditioning
E) operant conditioning
A
Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping
sound of young chicks.
What term best applies to this
behavior?
A) sign stimulus
B) habituation
C)
imprinting
D) classical conditioning
E) operant conditioning
A
) A guinea pig loves the lettuce kept in the refrigerator and squeals
each time the refrigerator
door opens. What term best applies to
this behavior?
A) sign stimulus
B) habituation
C)
imprinting
D) classical conditioning
E) operant conditioning
D
Sparrows are receptive to learning songs only during a sensitive
period. What term best
applies to this behavior?
A) sign
stimulus
B) habituation
C) imprinting
D) classical
conditioning
E) operant conditioning
C
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in
that
A) classical conditioning takes longer.
B) operant
conditioning usually involves more intelligence.
C) operant
conditioning involves consequences for the animalʹs behavior.
D)
classical conditioning is restricted to mammals and birds.
E)
classical conditioning is much more useful for training domestic animals.
C
) Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he
barks, he gets attention.
Which of the following might you use to
describe this behavior?
A) The dog is displaying an instinctive
fixed action pattern.
B) The dog is performing a social
behavior.
C) The dog is trying to protect its territory.
D)
The dog has been classically conditioned.
E) The dogʹs behavior
is a result of operant conditioning.
E
Among song birds, a ʺcrystallizedʺ song is one that
A) is high
pitched.
B) is aimed at attracting mates.
C) extremely young
chicks sing.
D) is the final song that some species
produce.
E) warns of predators.
D
Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) fixed
action pattern
B) imprinting
C) operant conditioning
D)
classical conditioning
E) habituation
A
Which statement below about mating behavior is incorrect?
A)
Some aspects of courtship behavior may have evolved from agonistic
interactions.
B) Courtship interactions ensure that the
participating individuals are nonthreatening
and of the proper
species, sex, and physiological condition for mating.
C) The
degree to which evolution affects mating relationships depends on the
degree of
prenatal and postnatal input the parents are required
to make.
D) The mating relationship in most mammals is
monogamous, to ensure the
reproductive success of the
pair.
E) Polygamous relationships most often involve a single
male and many females, but in
some species this is reversed.
D
Which of the following is least related to the others?
A)
agonistic behavior
B) cognitive maps
C) dominance
hierarchy
D) ritual
E) territory
B
Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is
correct?
A) Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances
survival and reproduction.
B) An animal may show behavior that
maximizes reproductive fitness.
C) If a behavior is less than
optimal, it is not completely evolved but will eventually
become
optimal.
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
D
Animals tend to maximize their energy intake-to-expenditure ratio.
What is this behavior
called?
A) agonistic behavior
B)
optimal foraging
C) dominance hierarchies
D) animal
cognition
E) territoriality
B
) Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is
called
A) herbivory.
B) autotrophy.
C)
heterotrophy.
D) search scavenging.
E) optimal foraging
E
) Modern behavioral concepts relate the cost of a behavior to its
benefit. Under which
relationship might a behavior be
performed?
A) cost is greater than the benefit
B) cost is
less than the benefit
C) cost is equal to the benefit
D) A
and C only
E) B and C only
E
Optimal foraging involves all of the following except
A)
maximizing energy gained by the forager.
B) minimizing energy
expended by the forager.
C) securing essential nutrients for the
forager.
D) minimizing the risk of predation on the
forager.
E) maximizing the population size of the forager.
E
In the evolution of whelk-eating behavior in crows, which of the
following did natural
selection minimize?
A) the average
number of drops required to break the shell
B) the average height
a bird flew to drop a shell
C) the average total energy used to
break shells
D) the average size of the shells dropped by the
birds
E) the average thickness of the shells dropped by the birds
C
Which of the following might affect the foraging behavior of an
animal in the context of
optimal foraging?
A) risk of
predation
B) prey size
C) prey defenses
D) A and B
only
E) A, B, and C
E
You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe
its mating behavior.
You see that the male is large and
ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you
can
probably conclude that the species is
A) polygamous.
B)
monogamous.
C) polyandrous.
D) promiscuous.
E) agonistic.
A
The evolution of mating systems is most likely affected by
A)
population size.
B) care required by young.
C) certainty of
paternity.
D) B and C only
E) A, B , and C
D
Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one
another. Fred is courting
a female. Fred grunts as Joe comes
near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred begins
drumming (pounding
his chest) and bares his teeth. Joe then rolls on the ground on
his
back, gets up, and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is
repeated several times during
the mating season. Choose the most
specific behavior described by this example.
A) agonistic
behavior
B) territorial behavior
C) learned behavior
D)
social behavior
E) fixed action pattern
A
Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?
A) Genes
have very little influence on the expression of innate
behaviors.
B) Innate behaviors tend to vary considerably among
members of a population.
C) Innate behaviors are limited to
invertebrate animals.
D) Innate behaviors are expressed in most
individuals in a population across a wide
range of environmental
conditions.
E) Innate behaviors occur in invertebrates and some
vertebrates but not in mammals.
D
Researchers have found that a region of the canary forebrain shrinks
during the
nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season
begins. This annual enlargement
of brain tissue is probably
associated with the annual
A) addition of new syllables to a
canaryʹs song repertoire.
B) crystallization of subsong into
adult songs.
C) sensitive period in which canary parents imprint
on new offspring.
D) renewal of mating and nest-building
behaviors.
E) elimination of the memorized template for songs
sung the previous year.
A
Although many chimpanzee populations live in environments containing
oil palm nuts,
members of only a few populations use stones to
crack open the nuts. The most likely
explanation for this
behavioral difference between populations is that
A) the
behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between
populations.
B) members of different populations have different
nutritional requirements.
C) the cultural tradition of using
stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some
populations.
D)
members of different populations differ in learning ability.
E)
members of different populations differ in manual dexterity
C
Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to
evolve by natural selection?
A) In each individual, the form of
the behavior is determined entirely by genes.
B) The behavior
varies among individuals.
C) An individualʹs reproductive success
depends in part on how the behavior is
performed.
D) Some
component of the behavior is genetically inherited.
E) An
individualʹs genotype influences its behavioral phenotype.
A
) Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after
mating, leave the clutch of
young for the male to incubate. This
sequence may be repeated several times with different
males until
no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last
clutch. Which
of the following terms best describes this
behavior?
A) monogamy
B) polygyny
C) polyandry
D)
promiscuity
E) certainty of paternity
C
According to Hamiltonʹs rule,
A) natural selection does not
favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the
altruist.
B) natural selection favors altruistic acts when the
resulting benefit to the beneficiary,
correct for relatedness,
exceeds the cost to the altruist.
C) natural selection is more
likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an
offspring
than altruistic behavior that benefits a
sibling.
D) the effects of kin selection are larger than the
effects of direct natural selection on
individuals.
E)
altruism is always reciprocal
B
The core idea of sociobiology is that
A) human behavior is
rigidly determined by inheritance.
B) humans cannot choose to
change their social behavior.
C) much human behavior has evolved
by natural selection.
D) the social behavior of humans has many
similarities to that of social insects such as
honeybees.
E)
the environment plays a larger role than genes in shaping human behavior.
C