Exam 2 Flashcards

Balance and stability are used ______?

Resistance to disruption of equilibrium

A persons ability to control equilibrium

For a system to be stable and for one to maintain balanced two conditions must be met? What does this basically mean?

All objects at rest are in equilibrium

3 Types of equilibrium?

The center of gravity must be _____ in order to disrupt object? The more the center of gravity needs to be raised, the more ____ required to disrupt object? As a result the object is more ______? Where might we see this in sport/exercise?

When the center of gravity starts high and drops to a lower point? It requires less ____ and
As a result, it is less _____?

Object’s center of gravity does not change when the object’s position changes? Give an example?

What are the 3 factors that can influence balance/stability? Describe the subcategories under each?

Proprioception is a term coined in ____?

The ability to sense where our body is in space? Its a sense of ____ and _____? It is described to be _____?

Kinesthesia is a term coined in _____? “kenein” = _____?
“aesthesis” = _____?

Movement of body

What is behavioral kinesthesia?

“Presently, “kinaesthesia” and “proprioception” are used practically synonymously to indicate the capability to appraise the configuration and movements of an __________.”?

Proprioception provides information on the ____ and _____ of movement of one body part relative to another? What is an example of this? Who has better proprioception than average individuals?

Proprioceptive sense informs.....
The degree to which our muscles are being ______
The amount of tension created in the ______
_____ in joint position
The orientation of the ____ relative to the ____ and environment

Proprioception is often divided into what 3 senses?

The ability to appreciate force generated within a joint

The ability to appreciate joint movement (duration, direction, amplitude, speed, acceleration, timing of movements)

The ability to perceive a presented joint angle and reproduce specified joint angles …close eyes, can you put your elbow at a 90 degree angle?

Cumulative neural input to the CNS from a variety of specialized nerve endings

Name 4 types of Mechanoreceptors?

Proprioception also obtains information from what 2 things?

Sensory input received from mechanoreceptors are integrated and appreciated at what three levels of the CNS?

Can provide direct motor responses in the form of reflexes…reflex reaction

Brain Stem:
Integration of ______ information with visual and vestibular inputs to aid in control of typical ______ patterns, continual output to maintain _____ + _____

Conscious awareness of movements – voluntary movements

Muscle spindle provide______ at all times? Why is this special?

What do muscle spindles do? Within muscle fibers as _______
Automonic with _____ motor neurons

Where is a Golgi tendon organ? What do they do?

What would happen during too much muscle tension especially during isometric contractions?

Where are joint receptors found?

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are ____ receptors in _____ and _____ junctions

Muscle spindles are found where?

spindle fibers sense what?

Golgi tendon organ are wrapped between what in the muscle?

Muscle spindles monitor _____ and prevent ______? Can be called what 2 types of reflexes?

Describe process of muscle spindles? Muscle spindles always maintain what?

Describe briefly the process of the Golgi tendon organ?

What do Cutaneous Receptors provide info for? Name 3 kinds?

Located deep in the skin
Detect deep pressure

Stimulated when hair on the body is deformed or touched

Provide information about the surface of objects

What is a feedforward reflex for posture? What about a feedback reflex?

What 2 things improve proprioceptive ability?

What 3 things decrease proprioceptive ability and explain a little bit why?

Who had smallest amount of proprioceptive error in a study?

Point about which all particles of the body are evenly distributed

COG refers to a _____ direction, why? Another name for COG

COG is the ______ point of the body? Why?

The location of the center of gravity of any object remains fixed as long as _____?

If a body changes shape, center of gravity may _____?

_______ results in changes in the location of the center of gravity

Do males or females have lower COG? why?

Center of gravity of humans in a neutral standing posture will vary depending on _____ + ____?

COG for males? For Females? Why...

______differences, what about shoulder and hips?

More _____ in men
____ fat patterning (men) _____ fat patterning (women)

How does COG vary with age?

Weebles have very low ____? What does this mean?

General location of center of gravity in human: __________ (during standing posture)?

Anything that increases the mass of a body above the original center of gravity will result in ______________? Give an example? This essentially does what? Therefore lowering what increases stability?

Body characteristics may improve or reduce ________ relative to COG? Give an example?

Center of Gravity must be __________ to maintain balance

The part of the body in contact with the supporting surface and the intervening area

What happens when you widen your stance?

Feet and all of the _______=base of support

What can you do to the base of support too enhance stability when external forces are present?

To resist external forces widen the base of support in the direction of ________?

To resist a force coming from the side, widen stance in the ______ plane? This will make you less stable though if the force comes from _____? Can use a _______ if the direction of the force is not known?

So long as an object’s ______ falls within its base of support balance can be maintained

The closer the line of gravity to______________ the more stable the object (in the absence of lateral external forces)

As the line of gravity approaches the __________ the object becomes less stable? Once it passes this, _____ is lost and a new base of support must be formed

We often ________ external loads to make sure the line of gravity remains close to the center of the base of support

When external force is in line with gravity (vertical) we often lean ________ from the force
Example?

When the external force is lateral we lean _________? Example?

_____ of a body is only a factor in maintaining balance when motion or an external force is involved

The amount of force needed to move an object is greater if the ____ is greater

Generally speaking, the greater the mass the greater the _______?

Depending on the condition, ______ may play a role in maintaining balance. Give 2 examples?

Friction is more of a factor when _____ is involved

When just standing COG points ________ down….as you walk you have a _____ force

If the friction is not sufficient enough to oppose the line of force produced by the body what happens on ice? So what do people do?

Describe the Romberg Test?

What does BESS stand for? This test utilizes ________? Name them and on what surfaces? Describe what you have to do and how this test works? Results are best utilized if compared to ________?

Assessent of balance that quantifies risk for future falls in elderly…uses a scoring sheet

Best assessment for balance?

point at which the force vector generated by the weight of an object is applied to the contact surface (ground)

slight shift in the line of gravity when standing

Postural Sway results in a change in ____________?

Postural Sway can be measured in what 2 ways?

Magnitude of Postural Sway may be impacted by what 7 things?

____ of all Community-dwelling adults experience at least one fall yearly? Falling is the ____cause of death in over 65 age group

When there is a balance disruption, what must the body do? What initiates a response first?

Shifts CoG by maintaining feet and rotating body as a rigid mass about the ankle joints

___________ or ________ are responsible for torque production about ankle (muscle)

__________ sway is counteracted by gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior?

Effective for slow CoG movements when base of support is firm and within LOS, also effective when CoG is offset from center and is used for minor changes

Relied upon more heavily when somatosensory loss occurs and forward/backward perturbations are imposed

Hip strategy aids in control of motion through initiation of _____ and _____ motions at the hip

Effective when COG is near LOS perimeter and when LOS boundaries are contracted by narrower base of support and is used when there is a higher degree
of disruption

Utilized when COG is displaced beyond LOS…(line of stability) and a step or stumble is utilized to prevent a fall

Slowest system for balance disruption?

Muscle Response to Instability Results in a _______ to ______ Activation Pattern?
Gastroc/Soleus time?
Hamstrings time?
Psoas time?

What is the new trend in exercise science related disciplines?

What are some of the most common FM assessments used currently?

What is the foundation that all movement stems from? Its 2 subcategories?

What is the most common movement pattern used by your clients every day?

How individuals present themselves in stance

How an individual is able to maintain posture while performing functional tasks

Powerful movements depend on optimal _____alignment and ______?

The spine coordinates whole body power via proper execution of ___________?

A weak foundation leads to ______?

Perfect posture pays dividends by?

Cervical spine gives ____ freedom of movement

Thoracic allows ____ of your torso

Lumbar spines provides _______

Sacrum provides ________

_________ act as a pivotal axes allowing movement integration between your legs, pelvis and spine.

Static Postural Assessment is the basis for identifying _____?

Regardless of the several factors responsible for changes in joint alignment what still happens which leads to what and causes what?

Lack of balance between certain types of muscles

Certain muscles are prone to _______
Other muscles are prone to _______

Muscle imbalance is often dictated by what?

The combination of tightness and inhibition of a muscle can lead to altered ________? It can result in alteration in _______ of joints leading to ______?

Muscle Imbalance alters what 3 things?

Average steps per day?
Average loads each step:
_____ x body weight = ground reaction force when WALKING
____ x body weight = ground reaction forces when RUNNING

Look at power, speed, agility, performance, quickness for athlete (above water line)…but now also look at functional movement such as stability mobility and quality of movement (below water line

The act or power of moving from place to place by means of one’s own mechanisms or power

4 quantitative domains of locomotion?

phases (stance/swing) and events (foot-strike, toe-off), stride rate

muscle activation patterns

stride length, velocity, ranges of motion, acceleration

ground reaction forces, pressure patterns, joint forces, moments of force, work, energy and power

Alternating action of the two lower extremities

Translatory motion of the body brought about by rotary motion of some of its parts

Two Phases of walking?

Reference limb in contact with the floor

Reference limb not in contact with the floor

Two components of Gait? only one foot in contact with the floor?
both feet in contact with floor?

the stance phase is ___% of the gait cycle?

5 movements of walking?

What is one full lower extremity cycle?

from heel strike to the next heel strike of the same leg

distance covered in one stride

from heel strike of one leg to heel strike of opposite leg

(IFD)...this equals the? What is it? AKA?

Stance vs. Swing:
Stance phase = ____ of gait cycle
Swing phase = ___

Single vs. Double support:
Single support= ___ of gait cycle
Double support= ____

What is the highest point during walking normally? Lowest point?

Name a few things you can analyze during walking?

During the gait cycle:
The swing of the arms is out of phase with ____?
The shoulders and trunk rotate out of phase with ____ during the gait cycle?
As the upper body moves forward, the ____twists about a vertical axis?
The _______ and the _____ rotate in opposite directions to each other to enhance stability and balance?
Pelvic rotation in ______ plane approx. 8 degree on the swing-phase side?
Also, a slight ______ toward the swing leg?
____ degree dip of the swinging side (i.e. hip adduction)?
The lumbar spine tends to rotate with the ____?

Initial Contact:

Hip has ___ degree flexion

knee has ____ degree flexion

Ankle is?

what happens during loading phase to hip knee and ankle?

what happens during mid stance phase to hip knee and ankle?

what happens during terminal phase to hip knee and ankle?

what happens during pre swing phase to hip knee and ankle?

what happens during initial swing phase to hip knee and ankle?

what happens during mid swing phase to hip knee and ankle?

what happens during swing phase to hip knee and ankle?

Unnecessary ______ movements decrease gait economy...give three examples?

What should you have at the joints during walking? Tendons of two _______ of lower extremity contribute to economy of muscular action in walking

Properly functioning _______ contribute to a well coordinated, efficient gait? What can interfere with this?

The swing phase is more ________ than pendular and is longer than ______ phase (for running)

Walking variations up stairs or on a ramp? During the swing phase what is exaggerated?

Walking variations down stairs or down a ramp? What is different about the swing phase?

2 Differences from walking and running?

Two major types of running?

Concerned with change of direction, pace, and stability (type of running)

Concerns are time and distance (type of running)

The difference in joint actions between walking and running are a matter of ________ and ________? Essentially the same action, but the _____ is generally larger in running? Differences also exist in __________?

Describe the graph of ground reaction forces for walking vs. running?

The swing phase is more ________ than pendular and is longer than ______ phase

Initial foot contact:
Fast running= ?
Slow running= ?

During running, the flexed leg brings the mass of the leg ________? What does this reduce and increase?

Who produces an overall greater force in newtons for ground reaction forces during running? Mid-foot or heel striker?

There are two factors that impact the inertia of a rotating body, what are they?

During the support phase in running, the knee and ankle “give” in ____, then _______ as the body passes over the foot?
Support time decrease as ______ increases?
Movements of muscles in spine and pelvis are the same as walking, but more ________ in reaction to leg movements

For running, speed is governed by _______ and _____of stride

determined by length of leg, ROM of hip, and power of leg extensors

During running, the body becomes a projectile and depends on....
Angle of ______
Speed of ________
Height of ______ at takeoff & landing

determined by speed of contraction and skill of performer

Sprint form of running is usually aimed at what three respective technique variants?

During running this is emphasized during the start and acceleration phases? These 2 are both emphasized during the maximum speed phase?

Starting acceleration and push-off action (first 22-33 yd)

During the drive of sprinting you want:

_____ thrust with body _____ with a ____ trunk

What are 2 techniques to use during a sprint?

What does the crouch start enables the runner to do?

Full-flight striking or pushing action (after 33 yd)

What type of posture do you want during a stride during a sprint? What type of movement do you want?

Forward swing to shoulder height, backward swing to the hip

Kick-at-speed pulling action

What type of posture do you want during lift during a sprint? What do you want in the knees? Arms? What do you want to be light?

Errors in walking + running can be visible in one location but be caused by ______ in another location? Can they occur in both running and walking?

Trendelenberg gait...this is usually what? If it is bilateral its called what? What are 4 common causes?

Overpronation Gait abnormalities can be due to weak _______ muscles? What are some examples? What muscles would be tight? Overpronation could also mean what?

Knee valgus could mean what is weak?

COMMON GAIT ABNORMALITIES: Functional Leg-Length Discrepancy....describe what this could be?

4 compensations for swing leg being longer than the stance leg?

Normal walking base in cm? If you have an increased walking base what could be 2 causes? Could also be due to?

In stance phase (Heel contact – Foot flat)

What happens in the swing phase if your foot isnt dorsiflexed? Could be due to weak ____ or spastic ______?

Postural analysis views?

Posture guidelines for head, shoulders, hips, knees and feet?

what 2 things should you add in to a picture to evaluate posture?

good posture: “a state of ______ and _______ balance, which protects the supporting structures of the body against injury or progressive deformity”

“Good posture is present when the ______ passes through the center of each joint just anterior to the midline of the knee, through the greater trochanter, bodies of the lumbar vertebrae, shoulder joint, bodies of the cervical vertebrae, and the lobe of the ear, placing the body in equilibrium and resulting in all internal forces equaling _____” (Kritz & Cronin, 2008)

Name what this is and whats going on with the body? Name some short and tight muscles? Lengthened and weak ones?

Name what this is and whats going on with the body? Name some short and tight muscles? Lengthened and weak ones?

Name what this is and whats going on with the body? Name some short and tight muscles? Lengthened and weak ones?

Name what this is and whats going on with the body? Name some short and tight muscles? Lengthened and weak ones?

Janda’s Compensatory Patterns 3 syndromes?

Describe it?

Describe it?

Results in Rib external rotation
Reduced thoracic mobility (in the transverse plane)
Due to vertebral architecture

Excessive foot pronation (flat feet)
•Excessive foot external rotation
•Knee flexion
•Knee internal rotation
•Adduction

Describe normal Position for scapula ?

Common Issues to look for in scapula

If your _______ is in a poor resting alignment, your scapulae will never be in the right position.

A protrusion of the inferior angle of the scapula
Often accompanied by protracted shoulder girdle

Issues associated with winged scapulae:
Because of the forward tilt of the scapula, complete _______ of the shoulder may be restricted?
Weakness of the ________ or _______
Weak Rhomboids and shortened ______?

The shoulders are pulled forward

The subscapularis and Pectoralis minor and clavicular & sternal heads of the pectoralis major muscles may be _______
The ______ and _____ may be weak if the medial borders of the scapula also protrude slightly from body.

Shortened/strong rhomboids – middle trap...where is this seen in?

Upper traps, Levator Scap. are short/tight/active

With this you may see differences where?

What could a trunk tilt crease mean?

what happens to lumbar spine if pelvis raised on right? on left?

what happens to lumbar muscles if pelvis raised on right? on left?

what happens to the hip joint if pelvis raised on right? on left?

what happens to the muscles of the hip if pelvis raised on right? on left?

How does aging affect posture? inactivity? Poor postural habits? Biomechanical compensation? Body comp? Workplace? Injury?

Posture is the single most common cause of painful ______ syndromes affecting the body

tech neck can give you what?

Optimizing muscle balance and posture will help reduce the likelihood of ___________

Joint by joint approach: (stability or mobility?)

foot, ankle, knee, hip, lumbar spine, thoracic spine, scapula, elbow?

mechanisms of locomotion:

at heel strike what is going on with the ankle? During eccentric/loading?

What are these things describing?

Impact forces to be attenuated over a longer period
The foot to accommodate uneven surfaces
The foot to roll inward so that the first ray makes contact with the ground in

Essentially this is a _______?

what happens to ankle during heel lift off?

what are two primary stabilizing muscles of ankle?

They function to:
Minimize ________
Control ________
dynamically support ___________

3 things that levers Possess?

Lever arm consists of?

If the effort & resistance are applied at some other
angle than 90° then the:
 Effort arm is the __________ distance from the
effort line to the fulcrum
 Resistance arm is the perpendicular distance from
the ___________ to the __________

rigid bar that can rotate about a fixed point

3 things that Levers Possess?

Bones act as a ______, joints as the _______, muscles as a form of ______, and external forces as the __________? __________ occurs as a result of coordination of levers to produce maximum force?

portion of lever between fulcrum and the force points

distance between fulcrum and pt of effort

distance between fulcrum and res. Pt.

If the effort & resistance are applied at some other angle than 90° then the:
 Effort arm is the _________ distance from the effort line to the fulcrum
 Resistance arm is the perpendicular distance from the resistance line to the ________

Levers serve 2 important functions, what are they? What can both do depending on the type of lever?

ability of a lever to magnify force

 Ratio between effort applied to the lever and the resistance overcome by the lever

2 equations for mechanical advantage? Explain them both a little

 Levers outside the body

External Levers:

 Aid in _________
 Help overcome great _________ with little effort (crowbar)
 Increase ____________ and ________ ...give examples?

 Levers found within the body

What makes up Anatomical Levers?

Muscles can serve as the ___ or ________ force? Going down on a pull up (dealing with levers), the muscles are the _______ force and _____ is the effort force?

________ and _______ of the effort & resisting forces can alter the classification of lever system

Typically, in anatomical levers, what is the effort force and resistance force?

Classification of Levers vary in what? Name the 3 types?

 Fulcrum lies between the effort and the resistance…in middle

2 functions of what lever system?

1. Magnify the effects of the effort

2. Increase speed & ROM

Examples of what lever system?
 External: seesaw
 Anatomical: Skull tipping forward or back

going from distance of resistance to axis = ?

distance from effort to axis= ?

For 1st class levers, how do we increase mechanical advantage? How do we increase speed and ROM?

Describe 1st class lever system with a skull? (what is the resistance and effort?)

 Resistance lies between the fulcrum & effort

For 2nd class levers, the effort Arm is always ______ than the
Resistance Arm? What does this allow for? What is sacrificed?

2 examples of a 2nd class lever system? Explain what the axis, res. and effort are?

 Effort lies between the axis and the resistance

For 3rd class levers, what is the relationship between res. arm and effort arm? What does this mean? What is the advantage? This is the most common what?

The same system can vary in its _______________ depending on the action of the system and which forces are acting to resist and which are acting as an effort force

lowering the arm is _______ and raising it is __________? Lowering is what type of lever, why? What about when raising, why?

Formula for levers? Need to know ____ of the 4 values? A lever whose EA is longest favors ______?
A lever whose RA is longest favors _____ and ______?

Levers of the human body typically have longer and short what, why?

Anatomical levers favor what?

 Desire Speed & Distance = _______ levers
 Accuracy = _______ levers

Longer levers require more ______ to move them

In Lacrosse, a defensive/longer stick does what to the ball? what does it need more of? What does the offensive/shorter stick have?

Longer levers enhance______ and _____?This is detrimental when __________ is needed? Give an example?

Shorter levers may Compromise ______ and ______?

A-R-F

F-A-R

A-F-R

for 1st class levers, do the RA and FA move in the same or opposite directions? 2nd class? 3rd class?

Defined as the turning effect produced by a force

Causes change in angular motion

Movements of limbs at joints are controlled by torques produced by ___________?

Torque produced by a force may be called a _________ or __________?

When an external force is directed through the center of gravity of an unrestrained system, it causes that system or object to move in a linear path

When an external force is not directed through the center of gravity of an unrestrained system, it causes that system or object to move in a linear and angular path

Forces acting on an object in opposite directions and not directed through the center of gravity...what will the object do? Effects only _____?

In a force couple, If both forces are equal, then what happens?

a rotary force

Name a few anatomical force couples?

Rotary force generated by the muscles acting on bone crossing a joint

There can be muscles acting to cause rotary motion in a given direction and those that resist motion by causing what?
This balance of torque enhances _________?

Rotary forces generated by external loads acting on the body

The body works to balance, resist, or overcome external ________?

Name a few different names for internal torque?

Name a few different names for external torque? Give 2 examples of external torque?

Torque is influenced by the _________ and _______ of the line of action of the force as well as by its _____?

Torque is produced by?

Torque is a ______ quantity, because the turning effect is around a specific axis that is directed in a specific direction

is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction? Represented by __________?
The magnitude of a vector is its _____?

A vector symbol’s orientation on paper represents ______ and its length represents ___________?

Counterclockwise Torques are ______
Clockwise Torques are ____________

Torques that act about the same axis may be ________ or ____________?

The distance between the line of action of the force and the axis of rotation is called the ? The greater this distance, the greater the ________ produced by the force

Can also be referred to as the Force Arm, Lever Arm, or Torque Arm

the shortest distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force. The shortest distance is always the length of the line that is _________ to the force’s line of action (d⊥)

If the system is restricted to moving around an axis, the body rotates when the force is applied but only if the force does not act ______________?

The point of application of the force must not be at the _____ and the line of action of the force must not pass ____________?

To open (rotate) a door, the force is applied where?

If the line of force is going directly through the axis of rotation you can’t cause something to rotate…will only push it in what way?

Torque is produced by muscles when they pull on ______? The result is ? The stronger the contraction of a muscle, the greater the ? The longer the force arm, the greater the ?

Just look at picture

The greater the _________….the greater the torque
Moment arm doesn’t really change in the human body…in order to inc it what could you do?

The point of application of a muscle’s force on a bone (insertion point) cannot be changed, but what can? what is it in line with and how does it change? As a result of the changing direction of muscle force on the bone as the bone rotates, what happens to the force arm? Therefore, the torque that a muscle is able to exert on a bony segment changes as the ______?

Moment arm is biggest at what position on muscles and bone? What does this mean? What happens to it through ROM?

Why do you need to keep the dead lift bar close to you?

The amount of torque acting to rotate a system is found by multiplying the ______ of the applied force by the ____________ from the line of force to the axis of rotation? Units for each?

If a force of 50N were applied with a force arm of 2m, the torque produced by that force would be ? If the weight is lighter, what happens? Show this? If the weight is placed closer to the axis what happens? (same original force) Show this?

If the line of force of the weight is directed through the axis itself, what happens?

Determine the Torque given the following: 400 N and 4 m?

what is the unknown force?

FA = 15cm

RA = 5cm

R = 400

RA = 20cm R = 2000 N
FA = 5cm F = ?

RA = 15cm R = 2000 N
FA = 25cm F = ?

Often, we purposely increase __________ in order to increase torque so that we can more easily move a relatively large resistance (increasing our leverage)

distance between the axis and the point of resistance application

There is a _______ relationship between length of the two lever arms. Give examples?

The longer the force arm, the _____ force required to move the lever if the resistance & resistance arm remain constant. Shortening the resistance arm allows a ______ resistance to be moved if force & force arm remain constant

__________ relationship between force components & resistance components. If either of the resistance components increase, what would happen?

Greater resistance or resistance arm requires what? Greater force or force arm allows for what?

Human leverage system is built for _________ and ________ at expense of force?

Short force arms & long resistance arms require great _______ to produce movement?

Human leverage for sport skills requires several _______? Give an example?

The longer the lever, the more effective it is in imparting ______? Give an example?

Long levers produce more _________ and thus better performance in some sports such as baseball, hockey, golf, field hockey, etc. Explain the 2 points in the picture?

For quickness, it is desirable to have a short _________? Describe this with a baseball catcher throwing on the field? What does this increase?

Tension in the muscles crossing a joint does not always promote what?

Only the component of muscle force acting ____________ to the long axis of the attached bone actually contributes to the rotation of a body segment around the joint crossed by the muscle

There exists both _________ and ________ forces created by muscle activation

The angle of pull of most muscles in the resting position is ?

Less than 90 degrees (angle that we start off in pulling), nonrotary component force is directed ______ joint. Name of force?

If angle of pull exceeds 90 degrees then the nonrotary component force is directed ______ from the joint. Name of force?

When you think about human movement and muscle attachments it is rare that the angle of pull is ? Thus – typically the muscle is generating either a ______ or _____ force in addition to rotary force

name each picture

Because we want to maximize the application of force to generate rotary motion we rely on the body’s structure to increase our ____________? Name one way we do this?

changes the direction of the force, making it easier to lift things

When the direction of pull of a muscle is altered, the bone or bony prominence causing the deflection

The function of any pulley is to? What is this in humans?

Anatomic pulleys (in the majority of instances) make this task easier by deflecting the action line of the muscle _____ from the joint axis, thus increasing the ____________. By increasing this, a force of the same magnitude (with no extra energy expenditure) produces greater _____?

describe pulleys with tendons?

Act to increase the angle of pull so that it increases the rotary component of force. What does this also increase and allow for? an example of this on the body?

Rotation =?
Non-Rotation =?

Rotational Component of Magnitude formula? What does this tell us and not tell us?

Non-Rotational Component of Magnitude formula?

Do we do sin or cos if angle is at 90, why?

How much torque is produced at the elbow by the biceps brachii inserting at an angle of 60° on the radius when the tension in the muscle is 400 N?
Assume that the muscle attachment to the radius is 3 cm from the center of rotation at the elbow joint.

what do you assume if they give you no angle to the rotational component? What if they give you an angle?

How much force must be produced by the biceps brachii attaching at 90° to the radius at 3 cm from the center of rotation at the elbow joint, to support a weight of 70 N held in the hand at a distance of 30 cm from the elbow joint?
neglect the weight of the forearm and the hand, and neglect any action of other muscles

The quadriceps tendon attaches to the tibia at a 30° angle 4 cm from the joint center at the knee. When an 80 N weight is attached to the ankle 28 cm from the knee joint, how much force is required of the quadriceps to maintain the leg in a horizontal position?

Use Non-Rotational Components to determine what? Name 2 types and if they are positive or negative?

The biceps brachii on the lower arm during an isometric contraction while holding a 70 N dumbbell.
Determine the muscular effort required to hold the segment and object in this position and the joint reaction force caused by the translational effects of the forces applied.

LOOK AT PIC ON PHONE

What do you do with 2 forces acting against the muscular force ?

Distensive = what angle?

Stabilizing= ?

In this image, do the lengths of the resistance arm and effort arm change?

What type of lever is this?

If the point of muscle attachment is 2cm from the elbow joint, and the 44N dumbbell is 20 cm from the elbow how much muscle force must be developed to raise the dumbbell?

How does arm length impact this?
What about body mass/size?

Application to Sports

When you desire_______ on a ball you apply an ______ force (torque)

Describe how this picture is beneficial?

Power output relative to crank length?

What happens if crank length gets too large?

Understanding torque is important for having a better knowledge about the mechanics of various __________?

How to compare exercises
Safety of exercises
Impact of body segment differences during certain exercises

When is external torque greatest during deadlifting? Why?

During a Deadlift
The lifter with the longer _____ will have a larger external moment arm .... Thus will have to produce more _____ to overcome the same load.
The lifter with longer _____ will have an advantage
The ____ position for the deadlift is dependent on arm length

A lifter with longer arms will have a greater _______ than a lifter with short arms.

Describe how lifters with shorter arms struggle?

what does this do to the back?

Front vs Back Squat

Assuming the load is the same, in which position is torque produced by the bar greatest on the low back?
Look at moment arm length differences

What type of lever is this?
How can you modify a push-up to reduce torque?

Weight force = 25 N
Weight angle = 120
Weight distance = 16 cm
Axis force = 10 N
Axis distance = 8 cm
Axis angle = 120
Muscle force = ?
Muscle Angle = 25
Muscle distance = 4 cm