When air temperature exceeds their body temperature, jackrabbits
living in hot, arid lands
will
A) dilate the blood vessels
in their large ears.
B) constrict the blood vessels in their
large ears.
C) increase movements to find a sunny area.
D)
bask in a sunny, exposed area.
E) begin involuntary shivering of
their skeletal muscles.
B
Which choice best describes a reasonable evolutionary mechanism for
animal structures
becoming better suited to specific
functions?
A) Animals that eat the most food become the most
abundant.
B) Animals that restrict their food intake will become
less abundant.
C) Animals with mutations that give rise to
effective structures will become more
abundant.
D) Animals
with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more
abundant.
E) Animals with parents that continually improve their
offspringʹs structures will
become more abundant.
C
Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals exchange matter
with the environment
include
A) gastrovascular activity,
two-layered body, and torpedo shape.
B) external respiratory
surface, small size, and two-layered body.
C) large volume, long
tubular body, and wings.
D) complex internal structures, small
size, and large surface area.
E) unbranched internal surface,
small size, and thick covering
B
) Similar fusiform body shapes are seen in sharks, penguins, and
aquatic mammals because
A) natural selection has no limits when
different organisms face the same challenge.
B) respiration
through gills is enhanced by having a fusiform shape.
C) the laws
of physics constrain the shapes that are possible for aquatic animals
that
swim very fast.
D) the fusiform shape is coded by the
same gene in all three types of animals.
E) all three types
evolved from ancestral forms that fly in the air.
C
Regarding the evolution of specialized animal structures,
A) the
environment imposes identical problems on all animals regardless of
where they
are found.
B) the evolution of structure in an
animal is influenced by its ability to learn.
C) the simplest
animals are those with the most recent appearance among the
biota.
D) short-term adjustments to environmental changes are
often mediated by
physiological organ systems.
E) the most
complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary origin
D
All animals, whether large or small, have
A) an external body
surface that is dry.
B) a basic body plan that resembles a
two-layered sac.
C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them
warm.
D) the ability to enter dormancy when resources become
scarce.
E) all of their living cells surrounded by an aqueous medium.
E
) As body size increases in animals, there is
A) a decrease in
the surface-to-volume ratio.
B) no further reproduction in
aqueous environments.
C) the tendency for larger bodies to be
more variable in metabolic rate.
D) an increase in migration to
tropical areas.
E) a greater challenge to maintaining body warmth
in cold environments.
A
To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces in the lungs and
in the intestines,
evolutionary pressures have
A) increased
the surface area available for exchange.
B) increased the
thickness of these linings.
C) increased the number of cell
layers.
D) decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these
linings.
E) increased the volume of the cells in these linings.
A
A specialized function shared by the many cells lining the lungs and
the lumen of the gut is
A) decreased oxygen demand due to the
lack of oxygen in foods.
B) increased exchange surface provided
by their membranes.
C) greater numbers of cell organelles
contained within their cytoplasm.
D) greater protection due to
increased cellular mass.
E) lowered basal metabolic rate due to
cooperation between cells.
B
Interstitial fluid
A) is the fluid inside the gastrovascular
cavity of Hydra.
B) is the internal environment found inside an
animalʹs cells.
C) is composed of blood.
D) provides for the
exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
E) is found
inside the small intestine.
D
) Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an ʺinternal
pondʺ because
A) feedback signals cannot cross through the
interstitial fluid.
B) cells need an aqueous medium for the
exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes.
C) this prevents the
movement of water due to osmosis.
D) cells need to be protected
from nitrogen gas in the atmosphere.
E) terrestrial organisms
have not adapted to life in dry environments.
B
Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make
up
A) organs.
B) membranes.
C) organ systems.
D)
organelles.
E) organisms.
A
An exchange surface is in direct contact with the external
environment in the
A) lungs.
B) skeletal muscles.
C)
liver.
D) heart.
E) brain.
A
The epithelium type with the shortest diffusion distance is
A)
simple squamous epithelium.
B) simple cuboidal
epithelium.
C) simple columnar epithelium.
D)
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
E) stratified
squamous epithelium.
A
The lining of the smallest tubules in the kidneys is composed
of
A) connective tissue.
B) smooth muscle cells.
C)
neural tissue.
D) epithelial tissue.
E) adipose tissue.
D
An example of a connective tissue is the
A) skin.
B)
nerves.
C) blood.
D) cuboidal epithelium.
E) smooth muscles.
C
) Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of
A) several
layers of box-like cells.
B) a hierarchical arrangement of flat
cells.
C) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement
membrane.
D) an irregularly arranged layer of pillar-like
cells.
E) a layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting cells.
A
Connective tissues have
A) many densely-packed cells without an
extracellular matrix.
B) a supporting material such as
chondroitin sulfate.
C) an epithelial origin.
D) relatively
few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.
E) the
ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.
D
The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of
tendons are
A) elastin fibers.
B) fibrin fibers.
C)
collagenous fibers.
D) reticular fibers.
E) spindle fibers.
C
If you gently twist your ear lobe it does not remain distorted
because it contains
A) collagenous fibers.
B) elastin
fibers.
C) reticular fibers.
D) adipose tissue.
E)
loose connective tissue.
B
Fibroblasts secrete
A) fats.
B) chondroitin
sulfate.
C) interstitial fluids.
D) calcium phosphate for
bone.
E) proteins for connective fibers.
E
) Blood is best classified as connective tissue because
A) its
cells can be separated from each other by an extracellular
matrix.
B) it contains more than one type of cell.
C) it is
contained in vessels that ʺconnectʺ different parts of an organismʹs
body.
D) its cells can move from place to place.
E) it is
found within all the organs of the body
A
Muscles are joined to bones by
A) ligaments.
B)
tendons.
C) loose connective tissue.
D) Haversian
systems.
E) spindle fibers.
B
With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example
of
A) connective tissue.
B) reproductive tissue.
C)
nervous tissue.
D) epithelial tissue.
E) adipose tissue.
A
Bones are held together at joints by
A) cartilage.
B)
osteons.
C) loose connective tissue.
D) tendons.
E) ligaments.
E
) A matrix of connective tissue is apparent in
A) chondroitin
sulfate of cartilage.
B) actin and myosin of muscle.
C)
adipose deposits.
D) nervous tissues.
E) spindle-shaped
smooth muscle cells.
B
The nucleus of a typical nerve cell is found in the
A) cell
body.
B) synaptic terminals.
C) axonal region.
D)
dendritic region.
E) synapse.
A
All types of muscle tissue have
A) intercalated discs that allow
cells to communicate.
B) striated banding pattern seen under the
microscope.
C) cells that lengthen when appropriately
stimulated.
D) a response that can be consciously
controlled.
E) interactions between actin and myosin.
E
All skeletal muscle fibers are both
A) smooth and
involuntary.
B) smooth and unbranched.
C) striated and
voluntary.
D) smooth and voluntary.
E) striated and branched.
C
) Cardiac muscle is both
A) striated and branched.
B)
striated and unbranched.
C) smooth and voluntary.
D)
striated and voluntary.
E) smooth and involuntary
A
The type of muscle tissue associated with internal organs, other than
the heart, is
A) skeletal muscle.
B) cardiac muscle.
C)
striated muscle.
D) intercalated cells.
E) smooth muscle.
E
Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions
by
A) cardiac muscles.
B) smooth muscles.
C) voluntary
muscles.
D) striated muscles.
E) skeletal muscles.
B
The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a
A) cuboidal
epithelium.
B) simple squamous epithelium.
C) stratified
squamous epithelium.
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium.
E) simple columnar epithelium.
B
The bodyʹs automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal
environment is termed
A) balanced equilibrium.
B)
physiological chance.
C) homeostasis.
D) static
equilibrium.
E) estivation.
C
An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is
seen when
A) the core body temperature of a runner rises
gradually from 37°C to 45°C.
B) the kidneys excrete salt into the
urine when dietary salt levels rise.
C) a blood cell shrinks when
placed in a solution of salt and water.
D) the blood pressure
increases in response to an increase in blood volume.
E) the
level of glucose in the blood is abnormally high whether or not a meal
has been
eaten.
B
An example of effectorsʹ roles in homeostatic responses is observable
when
A) an increase in body temperature results from
shivering.
B) an increase in body temperature results from
exercise.
C) the rising sun causes an increase in body
temperature in a stationary animal.
D) an increase in body
temperature resulting from fever.
E) a decrease in body
temperature resulting from shock.
A
Positive feedback has occurred when
A) an increase in blood
sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stores sugar
as
glycogen.
B) a decrease in blood sugar increases the
secretion of a hormone that converts glycogen
to glucose.
C)
a nursing infantʹs sucking increases the secretion of a milk-releasing
hormone in the
mother.
D) an increase in calcium
concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that
stores
calcium in bone.
E) a decrease in blood calcium
increases the amount of the hormone that releases
calcium from bone.
C
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that
A)
positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is
detrimental.
B) the effectorʹs response in positive feedback is
in the same direction as the initiating
stimulus rather than
opposite to it.
C) the effectorʹs response increases some
parameter (such as temperature), whereas in
negative feedback it
decreases.
D) positive feedback systems have only effectors,
whereas negative feedback systems
have only receptors.
E)
positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in
negative feedback
systems.
B
To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmouth
moths
A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch
themselves into the air.
B) decrease their standard metabolic
rate.
C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate
metabolic warmth.
D) walk to shaded areas to avoid direct
sunlight.
E) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest
them before flight.
C
An ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food
deprivation than would
an equally-sized endotherm because
A)
the ectotherm maintains a higher basal metabolic rate.
B) the
ectotherm expends more energy/kg body weight than the
endotherm.
C) the ectotherm invests little energy in temperature
regulation.
D) the ectotherm metabolizes its stored energy more
readily than can the endotherm.
E) the ectotherm has greater
insulation on its body surface.
C
Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of
A)
conduction.
B) convection.
C) radiation.
D)
evaporation.
E) metabolism
D
An ectothermic organism that has few or no options when it comes to
its behavioral ability
to adjust its body temperature is
a
A) terrestrial lizard.
B) sea star, a marine
invertebrate.
C) bluefin tuna, a predatory fish.
D)
hummingbird.
E) honeybee in a hive.
B
An overheated and sick dog has an impaired thermoregulatory response
if it
A) increases its evaporative heat loss.
B) decreases
its metabolic heat production.
C) increases its body temperature
to match the environmental temperature.
D) increases its
vasodilation in blood vessels near the skin.
E) relocates itself
to a cooler location.
C
Endothermy
A) is a characteristic of most animals.
B)
involves production of heat through metabolism.
C) is a term
equivalent to ʺcold-blooded.ʺ
D) is only seen in mammals.
E)
is only seen in insects.
B
Panting observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess
heat by
A) countercurrent exchange.
B) acclimation.
C)
vasoconstriction.
D) hibernation.
E) evaporation.
E
An organism that has only behavioral controls over its body
temperature is the
A) green frog.
B) penguin.
C)
bluefin tuna.
D) house sparrow.
E) gray wolf.
A
Most amphibians and land-dwelling invertebrates
A) are
ectothermic organisms.
B) alter their metabolic rate to maintain
a constant body temperature of 37°C.
C) have a net loss of heat
across a moist body surface, even in direct sun.
D) are
thermoconformers only when they are in water.
E) become more
active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C.
A
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in
the
A) medulla oblongata.
B) thyroid gland.
C)
hypothalamus.
D) subcutaneous layer of the skin.
E) liver.
C
A female Burmese python incubating her eggs warms them using
A)
acclimatization.
B) torpor.
C) evaporative cooling.
D)
non-shivering thermogenesis.
E) shivering thermogenesis.
E
In mammals this response is known as fever, but it is known to raise
body temperature in
other bacterially infected animals, including
lizards, fishes, and cockroaches:
A) growth of hair
B)
reduced metabolic rate
C) sweating
D) a change in thermostat
ʺset-pointʺ
E) decreased thermogenesis
D
What does the difference in temperature between arteries and veins in
the gooseʹs legs
indicate?
A) The legs need to be kept cool
so that muscles will function well.
B) The feet need to be kept
at the same temperature as the abdomen so that the feet do
not
freeze in water.
C) Minimizing the temperature difference between
the feet and the abdomen means the
goose will lose less
heat.
D) The arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen,
compared to its temperature in
the feet of the goose.
E) The
gooseʹs feet function well even when their temperature falls below freezing.
C
Near the gooseʹs abdomen, the consequence of this arrangement of the
arterial and venous
blood vessels is that
A) the temperature
difference between the vessels is minimized by
countercurrent
exchange.
B) the venous blood is as cold near
the abdomen as it is near the feet.
C) the blood in the feet as
the same temperature as the blood in the abdomen.
D) the
temperature at the abdomen is less than the temperature at the
feet.
E) the goose loses the maximum possible amount of heat to
the environment.
A
Ingested foods in snakes are typically digested by
A)
biosynthesis.
B) enzymatic hydrolysis.
C) uric acid.
D)
chemiosmosis.
E) metabolic heat
B
Seasonal changes in snake activity are explained by which
statement?
A) The snake is less active in winter because the food
supply is decreased.
B) The snake is less active in winter
because it does not need to avoid predators.
C) The snake is more
active in summer because that is the period for mating.
D) The
snake is more active in summer because it can gain body heat by
conduction.
E) The snake is more active in summer as a result of
being disturbed by other animals
D
The best time to measure an animalʹs basal metabolic rate is when the
animal
A) is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the
day.
B) is resting and has just completed its first meal of the
day.
C) has recently eaten a sugar-free meal.
D) has not
consumed any water for at least 48 hours.
E) has just completed
30 minutes of vigorous exercise.
A
) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate
(BMR)
A) are used differently: SMR is measured during exercise,
while BMR is measured at
rest.
B) are used to compare
metabolic rate between hibernating and non-hibernating states.
C)
are both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given
species.
D) are both standard measurements of mammals.
E)
are both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.
E
) For an adult human female, the metabolic ʺcostsʺ of pregnancy and
lactation are
A) 100 —125% more than when she was
non-pregnant.
B) 30—40% more than when she was
non-pregnant.
C) 5—8% more than when she was
non-pregnant.
D) 10—20% less than when she was
non-pregnant.
E) 30—40% less than when she was non-pregnant.
C
As body size increases among birds,
A) the bodyʹs surface
area-to-volume ratio increases.
B) the body temperature
increases.
C) the basal metabolic rate (BMR) decreases.
D)
the standard metabolic rate (SMR) decreases.
E) the rate of
energy use per cell decreases.
E
Among these choices, the least reliable indicator of an animalʹs
metabolic rate is the amount
of
A) food eaten in one
day.
B) heat generated in one day.
C) oxygen used in
mitochondria in one day.
D) carbon dioxide produced in one
day.
E) water consumed in one day
E
Deer mice in warm climates and penguins in cold climates differ in
their energy budgets in
that
A) deer mice use a greater
proportion of their metabolic energy to maintain
body
temperature.
B) deer mice use a greater proportion of
their metabolic energy to move around.
C) penguins can hibernate,
but deer mice cannot.
D) deer mice use a greater proportion of
their metabolic energy on activity and
movement.
E) penguins
use a greater proportion of their metabolic energy for lactation than
do deer
mice
A
During its months-long hibernation, the body temperature of a ground
squirrel
A) is held at a constant 37°C.
B) is held at a
constant 5°C.
C) varies between 5 and 37°C, depending on the
frequency of arousals from hibernation.
D) varies between 5 and
15°C, depending on the external temperature.
E) varies between -5
and +5°C, depending on the external temperature.
C
For a non-hibernating squirrel, the daily expenditure of metabolic
energy is
A) usually less than the basal metabolic rate
(BMR).
B) always greater than the basal metabolic rate
(BMR).
C) constant despite day-to-day changes in ambient
temperature.
D) measured only by the distance it has
traveled.
E) inversely related to the distance it has traveled.
B
ʺWinter acclimatizationʺ in mammals can include
A) the
production of antifreeze compounds within cells.
B) the
production of enzymes that have lower temperature optima.
C)
hibernation through the season of extreme cold.
D) changing the
proportion of saturated and unsaturated fats in cell
membranes.
E) the denaturation of proteins that cannot withstand
extreme temperature.
C
Hibernation and estivation are both examples of
A)
acclimatization.
B) torpor.
C) evaporative cooling.
D)
non-shivering thermogenesis.
E) shivering thermogenesis.
B
Panting by an overheated dog is an example of
A)
acclimatization.
B) torpor.
C) evaporative cooling.
D)
non-shivering thermogenesis.
E) shivering thermogenesis.
C
Metabolism of specialized brown fat depots in certain animals is
substantially increased
during
A) acclimatization.
B)
torpor.
C) evaporative cooling.
D) non-shivering
thermogenesis.
E) shivering thermogenesis.
D
A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning warms its flight
muscles via
A) acclimatization.
B) torpor.
C)
evaporative cooling.
D) non-shivering thermogenesis.
E)
shivering thermogenesis.
E
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape
has
A) less surface area.
B) less surface area per unit of
volume.
C) the same surface-to-volume ratio.
D) a smaller
average distance between its mitochondria and the external source
of
oxygen.
E) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio.
B
The epithelium best adapted for a body surface subject to abrasion
is
A) simple squamous.
B) simple cuboidal.
C) simple
columnar.
D) stratified columnar.
E) stratified squamous.
E
Which of the following is not an adaptation for reducing the rate of
heat exchange between
an animal and its environment?
A)
feathers or fur
B) vasoconstriction
C) nonshivering
thermogenesis
D) countercurrent heat exchanger
E) blubber or
fat layer
C
Which of the following animals uses the highest percent of its energy
budget for
homeostatic regulation?
A) a hydra
B) a
marine jelly (an invertebrate)
C) a snake in a temperate
forest
D) a desert insect
E) a desert bird
E
Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a
mouse, and a snake.
The __________ would have the highest total
annual energy expenditure, and the
__________ would have the
highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
A) elephant;
mouse
B) elephant; human
C) human; penguin
D) mouse;
snake
E) penguin; mouse
A
An animalʹs inputs of energy and materials would exceed its
outputs
A) if the animal is an endotherm, which must always take
in more energy because of its
high metabolic rate.
B) if it
is actively foraging for food.
C) if it is hibernating.
D)
if it is growing and increasing its biomass.
E) never;
homeostasis makes these energy and material budgets always balance.
D