If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO₂ synthesized
with heavy oxygen (¹⁸O), later analysis will show that all but one of
the following compounds produced by the algae contain the ¹⁸O label.
That one is
A) 3-phosphoglycerate.
B) glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate (G3P).
C) glucose.
D) ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP).
E) O₂.
E
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of
photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
A) CO₂ and
glucose
B) H₂O and O₂
C) ADP, Pi, and NADP⁺
D)
electrons and H⁺
E) ATP and NADPH
E
Photosynthesis is not responsible for
A) oxygen in the
atmosphere.
B) the ozone layer.
C) most of the organic
carbon on Earth's surface.
D) atmospheric CO₂.
E) fossil fuels.
E
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
A) stroma of the
chloroplast
B) thylakoid membrane
C) cytoplasm surrounding
the chloroplast
D) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space)
E) outer membrane of the chloroplast
A
In any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what group(s) is (are)
always necessary?
A) autotrophs and heterotrophs
B)
producers and primary consumers
C) photosynthesizers
D)
autotrophs
E) green plants
D
In autotrophic bacteria, where are the enzymes located that can carry
on carbon fixation (reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate)?
A) in chloroplast membranes
B) in chloroplast stroma
C) in the cytosol
D) in the nucleoid
E) in the
infolded plasma membrane
C
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct
by-product of
A) reducing NADP⁺.
B) splitting water
molecules.
C) chemiosmosis.
D) the electron transfer
system of photosystem I.
E) the electron transfer system of
photosystem II.
B
A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant
appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are
being absorbed by this pigment?
A) red and yellow
B) blue
and violet
C) green and yellow
D) blue, green, and red
E) green, blue, and yellow
B
Halobacterium has a photosynthetic membrane that is colored purple.
Its photosynthetic action spectrum is exactly complementary (opposite
to) the action spectrum for green plants. What wavelengths of light do
the Halobacterium photosynthetic pigments absorb?
A) red and
yellow
B) blue, green, and red
C) green and yellow
D) red and green
E) blue and red
E
In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna
pigment molecules?
A) split water and release oxygen to the
reaction-center chlorophyll
B) harvest photons and transfer
light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
C) synthesize
ATP from ADP and Pi
D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then
NADPH
E) concentrate photons within the stroma
B
Which of the events listed below occurs in the light reactions of
photosynthesis?
A) NADP is produced.
B) NADPH is reduced
to NADP⁺.
C) Carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA.
D)
ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP.
E) Light is absorbed and
funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
E
Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II?
A)
Light energy excites electrons in the thylakoid membrane electron
transport chain.
B) Photons are passed along to a
reaction-center chlorophyll.
C) The P680 chlorophyll donates a
pair of protons to NADP⁺, which is thus converted to NADPH.
D)
The electron vacancies in P680⁺ are filled by electrons derived from
water.
E) The splitting of water yields molecular carbon dioxide
as a by-product.
D
Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I?
A) harvesting of light energy by ATP
B) receiving
electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain
C) generation of molecular oxygen
D) extraction of
hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water
E) passing
electrons to the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain
B
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack
photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the
lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be
A) to
determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts.
B) to
test for liberation of O₂ in the light.
C) to test for CO₂
fixation in the dark.
D) to do experiments to generate an action
spectrum.
E) to test for production of either sucrose or starch.
B
What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?
A) heat
and fluorescence
B) ATP and P700
C) ATP and NADPH
D)
ADP and NADP
E) P700 and P680
C
As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH
consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of
ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra
ATP molecules come from?
A) photosystem II
B) photosystem
I
C) cyclic electron flow
D) linear electron flow
E) chlorophyll
C
Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the
thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will
have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?
A) the splitting of water
B) the absorption of light
energy by chlorophyll
C) the flow of electrons from photosystem
II to photosystem I
D) the synthesis of ATP
E) the
reduction of NADP⁺
D
What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve?
A)
establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane
B) diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane
C) reduction of water to produce ATP energy
D) movement of
water by osmosis into the thylakoid space from the stroma
E)
formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP
A
Suppose the interior of the thylakoids of isolated chloroplasts were
made acidic and then transferred in the dark to a pH 8 solution. What
would be likely to happen?
A) The isolated chloroplasts will
make ATP.
B) The Calvin cycle will be activated.
C) Cyclic
photophosphorylation will occur.
D) The isolated chloroplasts
will generate oxygen gas.
E) The isolated chloroplasts will
reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH.
A
In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
A) thylakoid membrane only
B) plasma membrane only
C) inner mitochondrial membrane only
D) thylakoid membrane
and inner mitochondrial membrane
E) thylakoid membrane and
plasma membrane
D
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix
into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis
translocates protons from
A) the stroma to the photosystem II.
B) the matrix to the stroma.
C) the stroma to the
thylakoid space.
D) the intermembrane space to the matrix.
E) the thylakoid space to the stroma.
C
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship
between photosynthesis and respiration?
A) Respiration runs the
biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse.
B)
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas
respiration releases it.
C) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants
and respiration occurs only in animals.
D) ATP molecules are
produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration.
E)
Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic.
B
Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in
plant cells?
A) thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
B)
stroma of chloroplasts
C) outer membrane of mitochondria
D) matrix of mitochondria
E) cytoplasm
A
In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic
mechanism occurs during
A) photosynthesis only.
B)
respiration only.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
E)
photorespiration only.
C
Reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during
A)
photosynthesis only.
B) respiration only.
C) both
photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor
respiration.
E) photorespiration only.
B
Reduction of NADP⁺ occurs during
A) photosynthesis.
B)
respiration.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D)
neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
E) photorespiration.
A
The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon
compounds occurs during
A) photosynthesis.
B) respiration.
C) both photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither
photosynthesis nor respiration.
E) photorespiration.
D
Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during
A) photosynthesis.
B) respiration.
C) both
photosynthesis and respiration.
D) neither photosynthesis nor
respiration.
E) photorespiration.
C
What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity
of energy per photon?
A) They have a direct, linear
relationship.
B) They are inversely related.
C) They are
logarithmically related.
D) They are separate phenomena.
E) They are only related in certain parts of the spectrum.
B
P680⁺ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Why?
A) It is the receptor for the most excited electron in either
photosystem.
B) It is the molecule that transfers electrons to
plastoquinone (Pq) of the electron transfer system.
C) It
transfers its electrons to reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH.
D) This
molecule has a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygen, to
obtain electrons from water.
E) It has a positive charge.
D
Some photosynthetic bacteria (e.g., purple sulfur bacteria) have only
photosystem I, whereas others (e.g., cyanobacteria) have both
photosystem I and photosystem II. Which of the following might this
observation imply?
A) Photosystem II was selected against in
some species.
B) Photosynthesis with only photosystem I is more
ancestral.
C) Photosystem II may have evolved to be more
photoprotective.
D) Linear electron flow is more primitive than
cyclic flow of electrons.
E) Cyclic flow is more necessary than
linear electron flow.
B
electron flow may be photoprotective (protective to light-induced
damage). Which of the following experiments could provide information
on this phenomenon?
A) use mutated organisms that can grow but
that cannot carry out cyclic flow of electrons and compare their
abilities to photosynthesize in different light intensities against
those of wild-type organisms
B) use plants that can carry out
both linear and cyclic electron flow, or only one or another of these
processes, and compare their light absorbance at different wavelengths
and different light intensities
C) use bacteria that have only
cyclic flow and look for their frequency of mutation damage at
different light intensities
D) use bacteria with only cyclic
flow and measure the number and types of photosynthetic pigments they
have in their membranes
E) use plants with only photosystem I
operative and measure how much damage occurs at different wavelengths
A
Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have
antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do
they have in plants?
A) They serve as accessory pigments to
increase light absorption.
B) They protect against oxidative
damage from excessive light energy.
C) They shield the sensitive
chromosomes of the plant from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
D)
They reflect orange light and enhance red light absorption by
chlorophyll.
E) They take up and remove toxins from the groundwater.
B
In thylakoids, protons travel through ATP synthase from the thylakoid
space to the stroma. Therefore, the catalytic "knobs" of ATP
synthase would be located
A) on the side facing the thylakoid
space.
B) on the ATP molecules themselves.
C) on the
pigment molecules of photosystem I and photosystem II.
D) on the
stromal side of the membrane.
E) built into the center of the
thylakoid stack (granum).
D
In metabolic processes of cell respiration and photosynthesis,
prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulfur complexes are
encountered in components of the electron transport chain. What do
they do?
A) donate electrons
B) act as reducing agents
C) act as oxidizing agents
D) transport protons within the
mitochondria and chloroplasts
E) both oxidize and reduce during
electron transport
E
In a cyanobacterium, the reactions that produce NADPH occur in
A) the light reactions alone.
B) the Calvin cycle alone.
C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
D)
neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle.
E) the
chloroplast, but is not part of photosynthesis.
A
The reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O₂) take place in
A) the light reactions alone.
B) the Calvin cycle alone.
C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
D)
neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle.
E) the
chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis.
A
The accumulation of free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere began
A)
with the origin of life and respiratory metabolism.
B) with the
origin of photosynthetic bacteria that had photosystem I.
C)
with the origin of cyanobacteria that had both photosystem I and
photosystem II.
D) with the origin of chloroplasts in
photosynthetic eukaryotic algae.
E) with the origin of land plants.
C
A flask containing photosynthetic green algae and a control flask
containing water with no algae are both placed under a bank of lights,
which are set to cycle between 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark.
The dissolved oxygen concentrations in both flasks are monitored.
Predict what the relative dissolved oxygen concentrations will be in
the flask with algae compared to the control flask.
A) The
dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will always be higher.
B) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will always be
lower.
C) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will be
higher in the light, but the same in the dark.
D) The dissolved
oxygen in the flask with algae will be higher in the light, but lower
in the dark.
E) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae
will not be different from the control flask at any time.
D
Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?
A) stroma of the chloroplast
B) thylakoid membranes
C) matrix of the mitochondria
D) cytosol around the
chloroplast
E) thylakoid space
A