Human Anatomy & Physiology: Festival 4 (Respiratory) Flashcards

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary pressure

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

surface tension of water
surfactant production
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
C-shaped cartilage rings

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

pneumonia
coryza
emphysema
tuberculosis

True and False :

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.

as a passageway for air movement
warming and humidifying the air
as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
cleansing the air

Which of the following respiratory rates illustrates eupnea for an average, healthy adult at rest?

60 breaths per minute
120 breaths per minute
15 breaths per minute
25 breaths per minute

Which of the following qualifies as a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule?

hemoglobin is transporting three oxygen molecules

hemoglobin is transporting two oxygen molecules

hemoglobin is transporting one oxygen molecule

hemoglobin is transporting four oxygen molecules

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

humidifying the air before it enters

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

warming the air before it enters

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

terminal bronchioles
alveoli
lobar (secondary) bronchi
trachea

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

partial pressure gradient
the temperature
solubility in water
molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

temperature is lower at higher altitudes

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes

basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

Tidal volume is air ________.

inhaled after normal inspiration
forcibly expelled after normal expiration
exchanged during normal breathing
remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body?

medullary respiratory centers
pontine respiratory centers
oxygen levels in the blood
Hering-Breuer stretch reflexes

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

compliance and transpulmonary pressures

compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Hypoxia can be caused by ______.

hyposecretion of erythropoietin
having a fever
slightly elevated level of lactic acid in the blood
All of the listed responses are correct.

The __________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways."

larynx
vestibular folds
epiglottis
glottis

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

upper spinal cord and medulla
medulla and pons
midbrain and medulla
pons and midbrain

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
blood pH adjustment

Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?

primary bronchi
terminal bronchioles
alveoli
trachea

What is the volume of the total amount of exchangeable air for a healthy, young adult male?

2400 ml
3600 ml
6000 ml
4800 ml

Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone?

type II alveolar cells secrete a substance called surfactant

type I alveolar cells produce antimicrobial proteins

alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces

the pleurae produce pleural fluid

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

epiglottis
glottis
vocal folds
thyroid cartilage

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?

dissolved in plasma
chemically bound to hemoglobin
as bicarbonate ion in plasma
as carbon monoxide in plasma

Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?

scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor muscles

oblique and transversus muscles

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?

oxygen needs of cells
arterial blood pH
arterial blood carbon dioxide level
arterial blood oxygen level

True and False:

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

True or False:

Although lung cancer is difficult to cure, it is highly preventable.

What is the tidal volume of an average adult male?

500 ml
3100 ml
1200 ml
4800 ml

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

too little oxygen in the atmosphere
getting very cold
taking several rapid deep breaths
obstruction of the esophagus

Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate?

acidosis
increasing partial pressure of oxygen
hypocapnia
alkalosis

Emphysema can result in an ______.

increased level of carbaminohemoglobin
increased level of deoxyhemoglobin
increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians developing a slightly blue coloration
All of the listed responses are correct.

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

ventilation-perfusion coupling
the Bohr effect
chloride shifting
the Haldane effect

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

filtration
active transport
diffusion
osmosis

Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Haldane effect
Boyle's law
Henry's law
Dalton's law of partial pressures

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

dissolved in the plasma

chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

True and False:

Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli.

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
pressure within the pleural cavity
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
negative pressure in the intrapleural space

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

in the conducting zone structures of the lungs

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli

because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production

True or False:

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

True or False:

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

True or False:

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

friction
air pressure
surfactant
surface tension

Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

to assist in taste sensation

stimulation of the "cough" reflex

voice production

to provide a patent airway

to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?

intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure

Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity?

brain
spleen
muscles
costal cartilages

Which of the following initiates inspiration?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

diencephalon

pontine respiratory centers

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

True or False:

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.

What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?

smooth muscle contraction
environmental stimuli
air sac contraction
intrapulmonary pressure change

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
atria and alveolar sacs
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?

arterial pH
a rise in body temperature
an increase in blood pH
rising carbon dioxide levels

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______.

blood
blood plasma
interstitial fluid
water

True and False:

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

rising blood pressure
acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
rising carbon dioxide levels
arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg

True or False:

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

True or False :

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

__________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

Intraalveolar pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Transthoracic pressure
Transpulmonary pressure

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

matching the amount of blood flow through the body to the amount of oxygen in the air sacs

matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries

matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level

matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to pO2 and pCO2 values in the blood

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

person holds his breath too long
person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber
diver holds his breath upon ascent
pilot holds her breath upon descent

True and False:

The structures within the respiratory system's conducting zone include the trachea and the paranasal sinuses.

Which center is located in the pons?

pontine respirator group (PRG)
inspiratory center
expiratory center
pacemaker neuron center

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers

aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction

helps limit the spread of local infections

True or False:

Increased temperature results in decreased O₂ unloading from hemoglobin.

True or False:

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

Henry's law
Dalton's law
Boyle's law
Charles' law

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

as carbonic acid in the plasma

chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin

as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

number of red blood cells
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
partial pressure of oxygen
temperature

Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?

Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus.

Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange.

Respiratory exchanges are not necessary.

Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.