When should the latent heat of fusion be used?
When a substance is changing from a solid (ice) to a liquid (water) or vice versa
When should the latent heat of vaporization be used?
When a substance is changing from a liquid (water) to a gas (steam) or vice versa.
A phase change from a solid to a gas is called__________.
Sublimation
A phase change from a gas to a solid is called__________.
deposition
A phase change from a gas to a liquid is called__________.
Condensation
Which is generally greater in value:
The latent heat of fusion or The latent heat of vaporization?
The latent heat of vaporization
Why is the latent heat of vaporization generally greater in value than the latent heat of fusion?
The rearrangement is more extensive
Define Critical temperature
Temperature at which the kinetic energy is greater than the attractive forces, and therefore gas cannot be made to liquefy no matter how high the the pressure. The density of the gas becomes indistinguishable from the density of the liquid.
Define Supercritical fluid
any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.
A certain metal bromide, MBr, crystallizes in a primitive cubic unit cell with bromide ions at the lattice points. If the metal ions occupy cubic holes, how many bromide ions surround each metal ion in th metal bromide?
8
T/F: According to the band theory as applied to metallic bonding, the valence electrons of representative metals are free to move within the solid leading to thermal conductivity.
True
T/F: According to the band theory as applied to metallic bonding, the electrical conductivity of metallic solids decreases with increasing temperature.
True
T/F: According to the band theory as applied to metallic bonding, the bonds between neighboring metal atoms can be described as localized electron pair bonds
False
T/F: Most atomic solids have low melting points.
False
T/F: The faces of a unit cell must all be at angles of 90° to each other.
False
Define coordination number
the number of nearest neighbors at the same distance to a given atom
formula for the edge length of a unit cell (d)
d=r√8
Areas of zero probability of finding an electron are called _________.
nodes/nodal surfaces
What is Hund's rule?
the lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals
The Greeks proposed that matter consisted of four fundamental substances:
fire, earth, water, air
The scientist whose alpha-particle scattering experiment led him to conclude that the nucleus of an atom contains a dense center of positive charge is_________.
Ernest Rutherford
A quantitative observation_________.
contains a number and a unit
What does the law of multiple proportions
state?
When two elements combine to form more than one compound, the mass of one element, which combines with a fixed mass of the other element, will always be ratios of whole numbers.
If the Thomson model of the atom had been correct, Rutherford would have observed:
Alpha particles going through the foil with little or no deflection.
Who measured the charge/mass ratio of the electron.
J.J. Thomson
What did J.J. Thomson do?
Measure the charge/mass ratio of the electron.
What did Rutherford's experiment with alpha particle scattering by gold foil establish?
protons are not evenly distributed throughout an atom.
What scientist discovered the law of conservation of mass and is also called the father of modern chemistry?
Antoine Lavoisier
T/F: The Rutherford experiment proved the Thomson "plum-pudding" model of the atom to be essentially correct.
False
What component of atoms was discovered by Rutherford?
nucleus
Who is credited with discovering the atomic nucleus?
Rutherford
Who was the first chemist to perform truly quantitative experiments?
Robert Boyle
A pure substance composed of two or more different elements is a(n) ________.
chemical compound
What does the Law of Definite Composition state?
A given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass).
What chemist is credited for inventing a set of symbols for writing elements and a system for writing the formulas of compounds (and for discovering selenium, silicon, and thorium)?
Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius
A pure substance composed of two or more different elements is a(n) ________.
chemical compound
How many of the following postulates of Dalton's atomic theory are still scientifically accepted?
I. All atoms of the same element are identical.
II. Compounds are combinations of different atoms.
III. A chemical reaction changes the way atoms are grouped together.
IV. Atoms are indestructible.
2
What states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of particles?
Avogadro's hypothesis
Rutherford bombarded gold foil with alpha (a) particles and found that a small percentage of the particles were deflected. Which of the following was not accounted for by the model he proposed for the structure of atoms?
the total mass of the atom
T/F: Cathode rays always move toward the cathode (negative electrode).
False
What is a cathode ray?
a beam of electrons emitted from the cathode of a high-vacuum tube.
T/F: The emission spectrum of hydrogen contains a continuum of colors.
False
Excited hydrogen atoms radiate energy in the___________.
infrared, visible and ultraviolet regions.
What is a reasonable criticism of the Bohr model of the atom?
It does not adequately predict the ionization energy of the valence electron(s) for elements other than hydrogen.
T/F: It takes less energy to add an electron to nitrogen than to carbon because nitrogenwill be closer to achieving a noble gas configuration.
False
T/F: It takes more energy to add an electron to fluorine than to oxygen because the radius of fluorine is smaller and more repulsion would occur in the p-orbitals.
False
T/F: It takes more energy to add an electron to nitrogen than to carbon because of the extra repulsions that would occur in the 2p orbitals.
True
T/F: Less energy is released in adding an electron to iodine than to chlorine because the radius of iodine is larger and the electron is added at a distance further from the nucleus.
True
What type of spectrum, if any, would be produced if the light radiated by a heated atomic gas were to be dispersed through a prism?
discrete lines of different colors
T/F: A 2p orbital is more penetrating than a 2s; i.e., it has a higher electron density near the nucleus and inside the charge cloud of a 1s orbital.
False
The 2s orbital in calcium is more stable (more negative energy) than the 2p orbital even though the 2p orbital has its maximum electron density closer to the nucleus. The reason for this higher stability is:
due to its greater penetration, the 2s orbital has more electron density close to the nucleus than the 2p orbital
What does the Aufbau principle state?
Electrons orbiting one or more atoms fill the lowest available energy levels before filling higher levels.
T/F: Because Li is the strongest reducing agent of the alkali metals, it reacts most quickly with water of the alkali metals.
False
T/F: Subshell energies are higher in multielectron atoms than the same subshell in the hydrogen atom.
False
In the modern periodic table, the order in which the elements are placed is based on____________.
atomic number
T/F: Atomic radius increases from top to bottom in a group and decreases from left to right across a period.
True
After an atom has lost an electron it becomes a/an ______ and has a _______ charge.
cation, positive
T/F: Larger bond order means greater bond strength.
True
The concept of __________ is required for certain molecules because the localized electron model assumes electrons are located between a given pair of atoms in a molecule.
resonance
T/F: When balancing a chemical equation, it is generally best to start with the least complicated molecules.
False
T/F: For petroleum all of its hydrocarbon chains contain the same number of carbon atoms.
False
A(n) ________ is a pure substance that is composed of only one type of atom.
element
When a strontium salt is ignited, it burns with a red flame. The frequency of the light given off by this flame is greater than.
infrared light
The __________ quantum number is related to the size and energy of the orbital.
principal (n)
T/F: A state function does not depend on the system's past or future.
True
Describe Boyle's Law
The pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature and number of moles.
P1V1=P2V2
Describe Charles's law
Temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its volume at a constant pressure and number of moles.
V1/T1=V2/T2
Describe Gay-Lussac's law
Temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its pressure at a constant volume and number of moles.
P1/T1=P2/T2
Graphene was first prepared by removing layers from _________.
graphite
T/F: Most metals occur as ionic solids.
False
When liquid bromine is cooled to form a solid, which of the following types of solid would it form?
molecular
T/F: For face-centered cubic cell, a metal atom is located at each of the eight lattice points, where it is shared equally between eight unit cells.
True
T/F: For face-centered cubic cell, one metal atom is located on each face of the unit cell, where it is shared equally between four unit cells.
False
T/F: For face-centered cubic cell, one metal atom is located at the center of the unit cell.
False
In ionic solids, ________ occupy the lattice points.
ions
What is the simplest formula of a solid containing A, B, and C atoms in a cubic lattice in which the A atoms occupy the corners, the B atoms the body-center position, and the C atoms the faces of the unit cell?
ABC3
Define Doping
Adding trace amounts of an element to a substance to modify its properties.
An n-type semiconductor____________.
is doped with a valence e- rich element; "negative"
A p-type semiconductor_____________.
is doped with a valence e- deficient element; "positive"
Ephoton=
=hv=(hc)/λ
λ=
=h/(mv)
Describe the photoelectric effect
electrons are emitted from the surface of the metal when light strikes it.
Who is credited with first measuring the charge of the electron?
Robert Millikan
1 nanometer=how many meters?
=1x10-9 meters
Describe Hess's Law.
Regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes.=>enthalpy is a state function.