Chapter 26:Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?

A) Nucleic Acid

B) Bicarbonate

C) Protein

D) Phosphate

Metabolic Acidosis

Respiratory Alkalosis

Respiratory Acidosis

Metabolic Alkalosis

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dehydration?

A) inefficient kidneys

B) vomiting

C) a high rate of insensible water loss

D) increased muscle mass

T/F: The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is potassium.

In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer?

A patient is discovered to have a strange craving for iron objects. To try to determine the cause, her physician decides to order tests to determine if this patient might have some type of ______.

Which hormone raises blood calcium levels?

The body's water volume is closely tied to a powerful water "magnet." What magnet is referred to here?

The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________.

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________.

What is the hallmark of hypotonic hydration?

What is the driving force for water intake?

What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day?

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany?

A) Low plasma calcium ion concentration decreases the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

B) Low plasma calcium ion concentration decreases the rate of exocytosis of synaptic vesicles.

C) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated.

D) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the likelihood of acetic acid and choline being formed in the synaptic cleft when a neuron is stimulated to the threshold level.

The regulation of potassium balance ________.

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

A) membrane permeability

B) anabolism of lipids

C) neuromuscular activity

D) secretory activity

What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?

Which of the following is an electrolyte?

A) glucose

B) potassium

C) phospholipid

D) cholesterol

Sodium ions are highest in ___.

Potassium ions are highest in ___.

Phosphate ions are highest in ___.

bicarbonate ions are highest in ___.

Proteins are highest in ___.

Electrolytes

Nonelectrolytes

Extracellular

Intracellular

Interstitial

Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults.

Which of the following would NOT be expected to lead to edema?

A) incompetent venous valves

B) hyponatremia

C) inflammation

D) hypoproteinemia

Which of the following regulates the secretion of K⁺ into the filtrate?

A) Aldosterone

B) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

C) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

D) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A patient is 72 years old and was admitted to the hospital for severe shortness of breath and edema to her lower extremities. She was diagnosed with heart failure. Which side of the heart failed, and how did this cause edema?

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

Which of the following creates the greatest osmotic pressure?

A) glucose

B) KCl

C) NaCl

D) MgCl₂

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

A) antidiuretic hormone

B) renin

C) erythropoietin

D) aldosterone

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

Select the person in the following list who would have the highest percentage of water in his or her body.

A) a 25-year-old male of average weight

B) a 25-year-old overweight female

C) a 6-month-old baby boy

D) a 80-year-old man of average weight

Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?

A) osmoreceptors detect increased osmolality

B) increase in blood pressure

C) decrease in blood volume

D) dry mouth

Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues?

A) Young Adults

B) Infants

C) Growing children

D) The elderly

Which of the following conditions promotes edema?

A) Diabetes Mellitus

B) Hyponatremia

C) hypoproteinemia

D) Hemorrhage

Which of the following abnormalities would not be observed in a patient who has Addison's disease?

A) elevated blood plasma potassium level

B) hypertension

C) hyponatremia

D) decreased plasma chloride level

What results from increased levels of aldosterone?

A) increased K⁺ reabsorption

B) increased Ca²⁺ reabsorption

C) increased Na⁺ reabsorption

D) decreased Na⁺ reabsorption

Under normal circumstances, most water is lost in __________.

What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments?

Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body?

A) Fat metabolism

B) Ingested foods

C) Aerobic breakdown of glucose

D) CO2 in the blood

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ___.

In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake?

What receptors does the brain use to detect changes in osmolality?

After traveling from Los Angeles to Denver, Claire finds she is not feeling well and checks into a clinic for help. What was the reason of her complaint, and what has caused this problem?

The primary buffer of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the ___.

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

A) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.

B) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

C) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.

D) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

A) sympathetic stimulation

B) increased extracellular fluid water levels

C) decreased filtrate

D) NaCl concentration decreased stretch due to decreased blood pressure

This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO₃ -->

Which buffer system if the most abundant in the body?

Edema

Hypoproteinemia

Addisons Disease

Aldosterone

Hyponatermia

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

A) amount of body fat

B) membrane polarity

C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF

D) neuromuscular excitability

What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high?

The regulation of sodium ________.

What is the most abundant intracellular anion?

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

A) decreased sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluids (ECF)

B) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

C) increased osmolality of the extracellular fluids (ECF)

D) decreased K⁺ concentration in the extracellular fluids (ECF)

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

A) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion

B) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins

C) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high

D) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Hypermagnesemia

Hypocalcemia

Hypernatremia

Hyperkalemia

Hyponatremia

Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance?

A) thyroxine

B) atrial natriuretic peptide

C) ADH

D) aldosterone

How much water is generated per day from cellular metabolism?

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

A) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids

B) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids

C) Na⁺ mainly in the cells, K⁺ in the body fluids

D) K⁺ mainly in the cells, Na⁺ in the body fluids

PTH (parathyroid hormone) acts on the ___ to ___ Ca²⁺ reabsorption.

T/F: Potassium balance is controlled mainly by renal mechanisms.

Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO₂ = 55 mmHg, and HCO_3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO₂ = 45 mmHg, and HCO_3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO₂ = 25 mmHg, and HCO_3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?

Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

What solute in body fluids determines most of their chemical and physical reactions?

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work is Sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

The respiratory system is one of the 3 systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

In respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?

A) The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.

B) The kidney would increase excretion of both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

C) The kidney will reabsorb both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. When it reabsorbs the hydrogen ion, it also generates more bicarbonate ions.

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?

Vomiting would cause which type of acid-base disturbance?

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

Which chemical buffer system is the only important system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that resists short-term changes in pH?

A decrease in blood CO₂ levels leads to __________.

The fluid that bathes the cells found in tissues is called __________.

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

A) aldosterone

B) water levels

C) glucocorticoids

D) ADH

Where is the majority of water stored in the human body?

A patient's anxiety caused her to develop respiratory alkalosis. What breathing technique did the nurse recommend, and why?

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.