The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.
plasma membrane receptors
phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm
cAMP in the cytoplasm
adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane
water-soluble hormone in the blood
cAMP in the cytoplasm
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.
adenylate cyclase
cAMP
cytoplasmic receptors
protein kinases
plasma membrane receptors
plasma membrane receptors
How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? Select the best answer.
Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells.
Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells.
Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.
Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells.
Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells.
Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.
What is the role of activated protein kinases? Select the best answer.
Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation.
Phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
Activate adenylate cyclase.
Phosphorylate proteins.
Degrade cAMP to AMP.
Phosphorylate proteins.
Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.
AMP
protein kinase
phosphodiesterase
adenylate cyclase
G proteins
phosphodiesterase
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
epinephrine
cortisol
insulin
cortisol
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
increasing protein kinases
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
phosphorylates a protein activates a protein kinase
directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
Which hormone’s receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
thyroid hormone
insulin
cortisol
thyroid hormone
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
transcription factors
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)
Receptors can’t enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)
Art-based Question
Both high blood glucose levels and low blood glucose levels are stimuli that trigger specific responses by the body. These responses cause blood glucose levels to return to their set point. In this activity, you will explore how this happens.
To review how the body regulates blood sugar levels, watch this BioFlix animation: Homeostasis: Regulating Blood Sugar.
Part A - Regulating blood sugar. This diagram shows how the body keeps blood glucose at a normal level.Drag each label to the appropriate location on the diagram.
A: Pancreas releases insulin
B: Body cells takes up more glucose
C: Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
D: Blood glucose decreases to normal
E: Pancreas releases glucagon
F: Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose to the blood
G: Blood glucose returns to normal
Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
True
False
False
Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?
synergism
antagonism
summation
permissiveness
synergism
Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______.
apoptosis of parathyroid cells
failure of osteoclasts to respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)
malfunction of the parathormone receptors in kidney tubule cells
All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Art-based Question
What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?
oxytocin
cortisol
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Art-based Question
Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?
A
B
C
D
C
What is the name for the type of hormone, secreted by the pituitary that regulates other endocrine organs?
somatotropins
growth hormones
somatostatins
tropins
tropins
Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone?
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
prolactin
follicle-stimulating hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Which hormone aids in water resorption?
thyroid hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
parathyroid hormone
antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
growth hormone (GH)
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
control secretion of thyroid hormones
control secretion of oxytocin
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
GH (growth hormone)
oxytocin
thyroid hormones
prolactin (PRL)
GH (growth hormone)
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine (“letdown”) reflex?
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
cortisol
oxytocin
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
kidney
hypothalamus
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
a circadian rhythm of release
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
negative feedback
negative feedback
Art-based Question
What type of cell is shown at letter C?
follicular cells
parafollicular cells
beta cells
parathyroid cells
follicular cells
Art-based Question
What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D?
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
glucocorticoids
thyroid hormones
calcitonin
Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels?
pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
parathyroid
Art-based Question
What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
angiotensin II
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Art-based Question
Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?
A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.
The body becomes parasympathetically activated.
An increase in blood pressure is sensed in the heart.
Blood potassium levels fall.
A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.
Art-based Question
Which letter represents the hormone that promotes a decrease in blood pressure and a loss of sodium and water in urine?
A
B
C
D
D
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces?
zona reticularis: aldosterone
medulla: glucocorticoids
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
zona fasciculata: catecholemines
zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
Art-based Question
Which of the following best describes the hypoglycemic effect of insulin?
Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells.
Insulin encourages release of glucose into the blood by liver cells.
Insulin encourages synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules.
Insulin encourages catabolism of glycogen into glucose.
Insulin allows entry of glucose into most body cells.
Which of the following brain structures would cause central diabetes insipidus if it were damaged?
hypothalamus
cerebellum
cerebrum
pons
hypothalamus