During pulmonary circulation blood leaves the __________.
right ventricle and moves to the lungs
right ventricle and goes directly to the aorta
left ventricle and moves to the lungs
right atrium and goes directly to the lungs
right atrium and goes directly to the left ventricle
a
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________.
left ventricle and goes directly to the aorta
right ventricle and goes directly to the aorta
right atrium and goes directly to the lungs
right ventricle and moves to the lungs
lungs and moves to the left atrium
a
The endothelium is composed of __________.
simple columnar epithelium
tunica media muscle cells
stratified squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
d
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________.
left ventricle
right atrium
aorta
left atrium
right ventricle
b
Which of the following is the correct sequence of layers in the vessel wall from outside to inside?
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
tunica intima, tunica externa, tunica media
tunica media, tunica intima, tunica externa
tunica intima, tunica externa, tunica media
It varies from vessel to vessel.
a
The major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control is provided by the __________.
the lungs
the heart
kidneys
the digestive tract
paravertebral ganglia
c
Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs by diffusion between the __________.
arterioles and tissue cells
arterioles and venules
arteries and veins
artery walls and tissue cells
capillaries and tissue cells
e
Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally is called __________.
hypertension
varicose veins
circulatory shock
atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis
c
Reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel as the smooth muscle contracts is known as __________.
varicose veins
vasodilation
atherosclerosis
vasoconstriction
arteriosclerosis
d
The only vessels that provide direct access to nearly every cell in the body are the __________.
venules
capillaries
arterioles
arteries
veins
b
Which of the following regulates blood flow at the entrance to each true capillary?
tunica intima
valves
lymph nodes
precapillary sphincter
tunica externa
d
Loss of vasomotor tone that results in a huge drop in peripheral resistance is known as __________.
varicose veins
atherosclerosis
vasoconstriction
vascular shock
hypertension
d
Which of the following arteries branches to form the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, and splenic artery?
gonadal arteries
inferior mesenteric artery
descending aorta
superior mesenteric artery
celiac trunk
e
Which of the following veins is the longest in the body?
superior vena cava
femoral vein
inferior vena cava
great saphenous vein
hepatic portal vein
d
Which of the layers of an artery wall is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and many hormones?
inner layer
middle layer
subendothelial layer
outer layer
b
Which of the following types of blood vessels have the proportionally thickest tunica media of all vessels?
elastic arteries
distributing arteries
vasa vasorum
arterioles
b
__________ inhibits fibrinolysis by competing with plasminogen and may contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
Foamy macrophages
Cholesterol
Cytomegalovirus
Lipoprotein (a)
d
The minute-to-minute blood flow through the capillary beds is determined by the __________.
elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media in muscular arteries
diameter of arterioles
constriction of elastic arteries
number of elastic fibers in conducting arteries
b
The presence of __________ stabilizes the wall of capillaries.
gap junctions
pericytes
elastic fibers
valves
b
All but which of the following blood vessels contain intercellular clefts?
sinusoidal capillaries
arterioles
fenestrated
capillaries
continuous capillaries
b
The flow of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium is called the __________.
systemic circulation
microcirculation
pulmonary circulation
hepatoportal circulation
a
A metarteriole is a vessel that __________.
auxiliary channel
drains the capillary bed
is intermediate between a capillary and a venule
is intermediate between the arteriole and the capillary bed
c
Which of the following conditions would NOT increase the chances of developing varicose veins?
pregnancy
standing to attention for long periods of time
a potbelly in an obese person
running in place
d
Up to 65% of the body's blood supply is found in __________.
veins
arteries
capillaries
arterioles
a
All of the following are examples of venous sinuses EXCEPT __________.
carotid sinuses
dural sinuses
coronary sinuses
venous sinuses
a
Most neural controls of blood pressure involve input from baroreceptors, which are sensitive to __________.
the constriction of capillary beds
to changes in blood pressure
the level of oxygen in the blood
the level of carbon dioxide in the blood
b
An elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media is a characteristic of __________.
muscular arteries
elastic arteries
all arteries
conducting arteries
a
Which of the following blood vessels is the most susceptible to atherosclerosis?
the femoral artery
the cerebral arteries
the pulmonary arteries
the aorta
d
Which of the following is the major force generating blood flow?
blood vessel diameter
blood viscosity
peripheral resistance
pumping action of the heart
total blood vessel length
d
Blood enters the myocardium of the heart by coronary vessels that originate from the __________.
inside of the ventricles
pulmonary artery
aorta
superior vena cava
pulmonary veins
c