The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets: Economics of Money: Chapter 1 Flashcards

Financial markets promote economic efficiency by

A) channeling funds from investors to savers.

B) creating inflation.

C) channeling funds from savers to investors.

D) reducing investment.

Financial markets promote greater economic efficiency by channeling funds from ________ to ________.

A) investors; savers

B) borrowers; savers

C) savers; borrowers

D) savers; lenders

Well-functioning financial markets promote

A) inflation.

B) deflation.

C) unemployment.

D) growth.

A key factor in producing high economic growth is

A) eliminating foreign trade.

B) well-functioning financial markets.

C) high interest rates.

D) stock market volatility.

Markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds available to those who have a shortage of available funds are called

A) commodity markets.

B) fund-available markets.

C) derivative exchange markets.

D) financial markets.

________ markets transfer funds from people who have an excess of available funds to people who have a shortage.

A) Commodity

B) Fund-available

C) Financial

D) Derivative exchange

Poorly performing financial markets can be the cause of

A) wealth.

B) poverty.

C) financial stability.

D) financial expansion.

The bond markets are important because they are

A) easily the most widely followed financial markets in the United States.

B) the markets where foreign exchange rates are determined.

C) the markets where interest rates are determined.

D) the markets where all borrowers get their funds.

The price paid for the rental of borrowed funds (usually expressed as a percentage of the rental of $100 per year) is commonly referred to as the

A) inflation rate.

B) exchange rate.

C) interest rate.

D) aggregate price level.

Compared to interest rates on long-term U.S. government bonds, interest rates on three-month Treasury bills fluctuate ________ and are ________ on average.

A) more; lower

B) less; lower

C) more; higher

D) less; higher

The interest rate on Baa corporate bonds is ________, on average, than interest rates on Treasuries, and the spread between these rates became ________ in the 1970s.

A) lower; smaller

B) lower; larger

C) higher; smaller

D) higher; larger

Everything else held constant, a decline in interest rates will cause spending on housing to

A) fall.

B) remain unchanged.

C) either rise, fall, or remain the same.

D) rise.

High interest rates might ________ purchasing a house or car but at the same time high interest rates might ________ saving.

A) discourage; encourage

B) discourage; discourage

C) encourage; encourage

D) encourage; discourage

An increase in interest rates might ________ saving because more can be earned in interest income.

A) encourage

B) discourage

C) disallow

D) invalidate

Everything else held constant, an increase in interest rates on student loans

A) increases the cost of a college education.

B) reduces the cost of a college education.

C) has no effect on educational costs.

D) increases costs for students with no loans.

High interest rates might cause a corporation to ________ building a new plant that would provide more jobs.

A) complete

B) consider

C) postpone

D) contemplate

The stock market is

A) where interest rates are determined.

B) the most widely followed financial market in the United States.

C) where foreign exchange rates are determined.

D) the market where most borrowers get their funds.

Stock prices are

A) relatively stable trending upward at a steady pace.

B) relatively stable trending downward at a moderate rate.

C) extremely volatile.

D) unstable trending downward at a moderate rate.

A rising stock market index due to higher share prices

1. A) increases people's wealth, but is unlikely to increase their willingness to spend.
2. B) increases people's wealth and as a result may increase their willingness to spend.
3. C) decreases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly-issued stock.

D) decreases people's wealth, but is unlikely to increase their willingness to spend.

When stock prices fall

A) an individual's wealth is not affected nor is their willingness to spend.

B) a business firm will be more likely to sell stock to finance investment spending.

C) an individual's wealth may decrease but their willingness to spend is not affected.

D) an individual's wealth may decrease and their willingness to spend may decrease.

Changes in stock prices

A) do not affect people's wealth and their willingness to spend.

B) affect firms' decisions to sell stock to finance investment spending.

C) occur in regular patterns.

D) are unimportant to decision makers.

An increase in stock prices ________ the size of people's wealth and may ________ their willingness to spend, everything else held constant.

A) increases; increase

B) increases; decrease

C) decreases; increase

D) decreases; decrease

Low stock market prices might ________ consumers willingness to spend and might ________ businesses willingness to undertake investment projects.

A) increase; increase

B) increase; decrease

C) decrease; decrease

D) decrease; increase

Fear of a major recession causes stock prices to fall, everything else held constant, which in turn causes consumer spending to

A) increase.

B) remain unchanged.

C) decrease.

D) cannot be determined.

A share of common stock is a claim on a corporation's

A) debt.

B) liabilities.

C) expenses.

D) earnings and assets.

On ________, October 19, 1987, the stock market experienced its worst one-day drop in its entire history with the DJIA falling by 22%.

A) "Terrible Tuesday"

B) "Woeful Wednesday"

C) "Freaky Friday"

D) "Black Monday"

The decline in stock prices from 2000 through 2002

A) increased individuals' willingness to spend.

B) had no effect on individual spending.

C) reduced individuals' willingness to spend.

D) increased individual wealth.

The Dow reached a peak of over 11,000 before the collapse of the ________ bubble in 2000.

A) housing

B) manufacturing

C) high-tech

D) banking

When I purchase a corporate ________, I am lending the corporation funds for a specific time. When I purchase a corporation's ________, I become an owner in the corporation.

A) bond; stock

B) stock; bond

C) stock; debt security

D) bond; debt security

What is a stock? How do stocks affect the economy?

Why is it important to understand the bond market?

Channeling funds from individuals with surplus funds to those desiring funds when the saver does not purchase the borrower's security is known as

A) barter.

B) redistribution.

C) financial intermediation.

D) taxation.

A financial crisis is

A) not possible in the modern financial environment.

B) a major disruption in the financial markets.

C) a feature of developing economies only.

D) typically followed by an economic boom.

Banks are important to the study of money and the economy because they

A) channel funds from investors to savers.

B) have been a source of rapid financial innovation.

C) are the only important financial institution in the U.S. economy.

D) create inflation.

Banks

A) provide a channel for linking those who want to save with those who want to invest.

B) produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.

C) are the only financial institutions allowed to give loans.

D) hold very little of the average American's wealth.

Banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, and credit unions

A) are no longer important players in financial intermediation.

B) since deregulation now provide services only to small depositors.

C) have been adept at innovating in response to changes in the regulatory environment.

D) produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.

Financial institutions search for ________ has resulted in many financial innovations.

A) higher profits

B) regulations

C) respect

D) higher risk

Banks and other financial institutions engage in financial intermediation, which

A) can hurt the performance of the economy.

B) can benefit economic performance.

C) has no effect on economic performance.

D) involves borrowing from investors and lending to savers.

Financial institutions that accept deposits and make loans are called

A) exchanges.

B) banks.

C) over-the-counter markets.

D) finance companies.

The financial intermediaries that the average person interacts with most frequently are

A) exchanges.

B) over-the-counter markets.

C) finance companies.

D) banks.

Which of the following is NOT a financial institution?

A) a life insurance company

B) a pension fund

C) a credit union

D) a business college

The delivery of financial services electronically is called

A) e-business.

B) e-commerce.

C) e-finance.

D) e-possible.

What crucial role do financial intermediaries perform in an economy?

Money is defined as

A) bills of exchange.

B) anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services or in the repayment of debt.

C) a risk-free repository of spending power.

D) the unrecognized liability of governments.

The upward and downward movement of aggregate output produced in the economy is referred to as the

A) roller coaster.

B) see saw.

C) business cycle.

D) shock wave.

Sustained downward movements in the business cycle are referred to as

A) inflation.

B) recessions.

C) economic recoveries.

D) expansions.

During a recession, output declines result in

A) lower unemployment in the economy.

B) higher unemployment in the economy.

C) no impact on the unemployment in the economy.

D) higher wages for the workers.

Prior to almost all recessions since 1950, there has been a drop in

A) inflation.

B) the money stock.

C) the growth rate of the money stock.

D) interest rates.

Evidence from business cycle fluctuations in the United States indicates that

A) a negative relationship between money growth and general economic activity exists.

B) recessions are usually preceded by declines in bond prices.

C) recessions are usually preceded by dollar depreciation.

D) recessions are usually preceded by a decline in the growth rate of money.

________ theory relates the quantity of money and monetary policy to changes in aggregate economic activity and inflation.

A) Monetary

B) Fiscal

C) Financial

D) Systemic

A continuing increase in the growth of the money supply is likely followed by

A) a recession.

B) a depression.

C) an increase in the price level.

D) no change in the economy.

It is true that inflation is a

A) continuous increase in the money supply.

B) continuous fall in prices.

C) decline in interest rates.

D) continually rising price level.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

A) Money or the money supply is defined as Federal Reserve notes.

B) The average price of goods and services in an economy is called the aggregate price level.

C) The inflation rate is measured as the rate of change in the federal government budget deficit.

D) The aggregate price level is measured as the rate of change in the inflation rate.

If the prices would have been much higher ten years ago for the items the average consumer purchased last month, then one can likely conclude that

A) the aggregate price level has declined during this ten-year period.

B) the average inflation rate for this ten-year period has been positive.

C) the average rate of money growth for this ten-year period has been positive.

D) the aggregate price level has risen during this ten-year period.

From 1950-2014 the price level in the United States increased more than

A) twofold.

B) threefold.

C) sixfold.

D) tenfold.

Complete Milton Friedman's famous statement, "Inflation is always and everywhere a ________ phenomenon."

A) recessionary

B) discretionary

C) repressionary

D) monetary

There is a ________ association between inflation and the growth rate of money ________.

A) positive; demand

B) positive; supply

C) negative; demand

D) negative; supply

Evidence from the United States and other foreign countries indicates that

A) there is a strong positive association between inflation and growth rate of money over long periods of time.

B) there is little support for the assertion that "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon."

C) countries with low monetary growth rates tend to experience higher rates of inflation, all else being constant.

D) money growth is clearly unrelated to inflation.

Countries that experience very high rates of inflation may also have

A) balanced budgets.

B) rapidly growing money supplies.

C) falling money supplies.

D) constant money supplies.

Between 1950 and 1980 in the U.S., interest rates trended upward. During this same time period

A) the rate of money growth declined.

B) the rate of money growth increased.

C) the government budget deficit (expressed as a percentage of GNP) trended downward.

D) the aggregate price level declined quite dramatically.

The management of money and interest rates is called ________ policy and is conducted by a nation's ________ bank.

A) monetary; superior

B) fiscal; superior

C) fiscal; central

D) monetary; central

The organization responsible for the conduct of monetary policy in the United States is the

A) Comptroller of the Currency.

B) U.S. Treasury.

C) Federal Reserve System.

D) Bureau of Monetary Affairs.

________ policy involves decisions about government spending and taxation.

A) Monetary

B) Fiscal

C) Financial

D) Systemic

When tax revenues are greater than government expenditures, the government has a budget

A) crisis.

B) deficit.

C) surplus.

D) revision.

A budget ________ occurs when government expenditures exceed tax revenues for a particular time period.

A) deficit

B) surplus

C) surge

D) surfeit

Budgets deficits can be a concern because they might

A) ultimately lead to higher inflation.

B) lead to lower interest rates.

C) lead to a slower rate of money growth.

D) lead to higher bond prices.

Budget deficits are important because deficits

A) cause bank failures.

B) always cause interest rates to fall.

C) can result in higher rates of monetary growth.

D) always cause prices to fall.

When a budget deficit occurs in the United States, the U.S. Treasury finances this deficit by

1. A) borrowing.
2. B) imposing a moratorium of new government spending.
3. C) increasing the tax rate.
4. D) printing more dollars.

What happens to economic growth and unemployment during a business cycle recession? What is the relationship between the money growth rate and a business cycle recession?

American companies can borrow funds

A) only in U.S. financial markets.

B) only in foreign financial markets.

C) in both U.S. and foreign financial markets.

D) only from the U.S. government.

The price of one country's currency in terms of another country's currency is called the

A) exchange rate.

B) interest rate.

C) Dow Jones industrial average.

D) prime rate.

The market where one currency is converted into another currency is called the ________ market.

A) stock

B) bond

C) derivatives

D) foreign exchange

Everything else constant, a stronger dollar will mean that

A) vacationing in England becomes more expensive.

B) vacationing in England becomes less expensive.

C) French cheese becomes more expensive.

D) Japanese cars become more expensive.

Which of the following is most likely to result from a stronger dollar?

A) U.S. goods exported aboard will cost less in foreign countries, and so foreigners will buy more of them.

B) U.S. goods exported aboard will cost more in foreign countries and so foreigners will buy more of them.

C) U.S. goods exported abroad will cost more in foreign countries, and so foreigners will buy fewer of them.

D) Americans will purchase fewer foreign goods.

Everything else held constant, a weaker dollar will likely hurt

A) textile exporters in South Carolina.

B) wheat farmers in Montana that sell domestically.

C) automobile manufacturers in Michigan that use domestically produced inputs.

D) furniture importers in California.

Everything else held constant, a stronger dollar benefits ________ and hurts ________.

A) American businesses; American consumers

B) American businesses; foreign businesses

C) American consumers; American businesses

D) foreign businesses; American consumers

From 1980 to early 1985 the dollar ________ in value, thereby benefiting American ________.

A) appreciated; consumers

B) appreciated, businesses

C) depreciated; consumers

D) depreciated, businesses

From 1980 to 1985 the dollar appreciated relative to the British pound. Holding everything else constant, one would expect that, when compared to 1980

A) fewer Britons traveled to the United States in 1985.

B) Britons imported more wine from California in 1985.

C) Americans exported more wheat to England in 1985.

D) more Britons traveled to the United States in 1985.

When in 1985 a British pound cost approximately $1.30, a Shetland sweater that cost 100 British pounds would have cost $130. With a weaker dollar, the same Shetland sweater would have cost

A) less than $130.

B) more than $130.

C) $130, since the exchange rate does not affect the prices that American consumers pay for foreign goods.

D) $130, since the demand for Shetland sweaters will decrease to prevent an increase in price due to the stronger dollar.

Everything else held constant, a decrease in the value of the dollar relative to all foreign currencies means that the price of foreign goods purchased by Americans

A) increases

B) decreases.

C) remains unchanged.

D) either increases, decreases, or remains unchanged.

American farmers who sell beef to Europe benefit most from

A) a decrease in the dollar price of euros.

B) an increase in the dollar price of euros.

C) a constant dollar price for euros.

D) a European ban on imports of American beef.

If the price of a euro (the European currency) increases from $1.00 to $1.10, then, everything else held constant

A) a European vacation becomes less expensive.

B) a European vacation becomes more expensive.

C) the cost of a European vacation is not affected.

D) foreign travel becomes impossible.

Everything else held constant, Americans who love French wine benefit most from

A) a decrease in the dollar price of euros.

B) an increase in the dollar price of euros.

C) a constant dollar price for euros.

D) a ban on imports from Europe.

From 2000 to 2014, the dollar depreciated substantially against other currencies. This drop in value most likely benefited

A) European citizens traveling in the U.S.

B) U.S. citizens traveling in Europe.

C) U.S. manufacturers importing parts from abroad.

D) U.S. citizens purchasing foreign-made automobiles.

From 1980-1985, the dollar strengthened in value against other currencies. Who was helped and who was hurt by this strong dollar?

The basic concepts used in the analytic framework of this text include all of the following EXCEPT

A) the not-for-profit nature of most financial institutions.

B) a basic supply and demand analysis to explain the behavior of financial markets.

C) an approach to financial structure based on transaction costs and asymmetric information.

D) the concept of equilibrium.

Using a unified analytic framework to present the information in the text keeps the knowledge

A) focused on theories that have little to do with actual behavior.

B) theoretical and uninteresting.

C) abstract and not applicable to real life.

D) from becoming obsolete.

The most comprehensive measure of aggregate output is

A) gross domestic product.

B) net national product.

C) the stock value of the industrial 500.

D) national income.

The gross domestic product is the

A) the value of all wealth in an economy.

B) the value of all goods and services sold to other nations in a year.

C) the market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a year.

D) the market value of all intermediate goods and services produced in an economy in a year.

Which of the following items are NOT counted in U.S. GDP?

A) your purchase of a new Ford Mustang

B) your purchase of new tires for your old car

C) GM's purchase of tires for new cars

D) a foreign consumer's purchase of a new Ford Mustang

If an economy has aggregate output of $20 trillion, then aggregate income is

A) $10 trillion.

B) $20 trillion.

C) $30 trillion.

D) $40 trillion.

When the total value of final goods and services is calculated using current prices, the resulting measure is referred to as

A) real GDP.

B) the GDP deflator.

C) nominal GDP.

D) the index of leading indicators.

Nominal GDP is output measured in ________ prices while real GDP is output measured in ________ prices.

A) current; current

B) current; fixed

C) fixed; fixed

D) fixed; current

GDP measured with constant prices is referred to as

A) real GDP.

B) nominal GDP.

C) the GDP deflator.

D) industrial production.

If your nominal income in 2014 was $50,000, and prices doubled between 2014 and 2017, to have the same real income, your nominal income in 2017 must be

A) $50,000.

B) $75,000.

C) $90,000.

D) $100,000.

If your nominal income in 2014 is $50,000, and prices increase by 50% between 2014 and 2017, then to have the same real income, your nominal income in 2017 must be

A) $50,000.

B) $75,000.

C) $100,000.

D) $150,000.

To convert a nominal GDP to a real GDP, you would use

A) the PCE deflator.

B) the CPI measure.

C) the GDP deflator.

D) the PPI measure.

If nominal GDP in 2001 is $9 trillion, and 2001 real GDP in 1996 prices is $6 trillion, the GDP deflator price index is

A) 7.

B) 100.

C) 150.

D) 200.

When prices are measured in terms of fixed (base-year) prices they are called ________ prices.

A) nominal

B) real

C) inflated

D) aggregate

The measure of the aggregate price level that is most frequently reported in the media is the

A) GDP deflator.

B) producer price index.

C) consumer price index.

D) household price index.

The measure of the aggregate price level that is frequently the focus of Federal Reserve officials is the

A) consumer price index.

B) producer price index.

C) GDP deflator.

D) PCE deflator.

To calculate the growth rate of a variable, you will

A) calculate the percentage change from one time period to the next.

B) calculate the difference between the two variables.

C) add the ending value to the beginning value.

D) divide the increase by the number of time periods.

If real GDP grows from $10 trillion in 2002 to $10.5 trillion in 2003, the growth rate for real GDP is

A) 5%.

B) 10%.

C) 50%.

D) 0.5%.

If real GDP in 2002 is $10 trillion, and in 2003 real GDP is $9.5 trillion, then real GDP growth from 2002 to 2003 is

A) 0.5%.

B) 5%.

C) 0%.

D) -5%.

If the aggregate price level at time t is denoted by Pt, the inflation rate from time t - 1 to t is defined as

1. A) πt = (Pt- Pt - 1)/Pt - 1.
2. B) πt= (Pt + 1- Pt - 1)/Pt - 1.
3. C) πt= (Pt + 1- Pt )/Pt.
4. D) πt = (Pt- Pt - 1)/Pt.

If the price level increases from 200 in year 1 to 220 in year 2, the rate of inflation from year 1 to year 2 is

A) 20%.

B) 10%.

C) 11%.

D) 120%.

If the CPI is 120 in 1996 and 180 in 2002, then between 1996 and 2002, prices have increased by

A) 180%.

B) 80%.

C) 60%.

D) 50%.

If the CPI in 2004 is 200, and in 2005 the CPI is 180, the rate of inflation from 2004 to 2005 is

A) 20%.

B) 10%.

C) 0%.

D) -10%.