Air moves into the lungs because
The gas pressure in the lungs becomes less than outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts
Alveolar ventilation rate is
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where
pH is more acidic
in the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is
about 104 mmHg
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume is equal to
inspiratory capacity
the elastic cartilage that shields the opening of the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
the movement of air into and out of the lungs is called
pulmonary ventilation
type of tissue that lines the trachea
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest
vital capactiy
which respirator structure has the smallest diameter
alveoli
involuntary hyperventilation during anxiety attack may cause the person to become faint due to
lowering CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels
the terms that describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercise
hyperventilation
about 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as
dissolved gas in the plasma
which of the following controls respiratory rate
medula oblongata
3 factors influencing external respiration
partial pressure gradients and gas solubility
thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
ventilation- perfusion coupling
the loudness of a person's voice depends on
the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
the walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. the function of type II is
to secrete surfactant
intrapulmonary pressure is the
pressure withing the alveoli of the lungs
surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
with the bohr effect, more oxygen is released because
a decrease in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a health person is
increase of carbon dioxide
Nerve impulses from___will result in inspiration
the ventral respiratory group
another name for the inflation reflex is
hering-Breuer
tidal volume is
normal breathing
the lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the
vital capacity
since the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange
respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta
respiratory control centers are located in the
medulla and pons
the amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called
inspiratory reserve air
Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH
true
more of CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs
false
Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation
true
CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood
true
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by
diffusion
inspiratory capacity is
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
IC = TV + IRV
total lung capacity is the sum of inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume
false
the functions of the larynx are
To provide a patent airway
to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
to function in voice production
Lung compliance is determined by distensibility of the lung tissue, resilience of surrounding thoracic cage and surface tension of the alveoli
true
the volume of air that stays in the respiratory tube that does not reach to alveoli with each breath is
anatomical dead space
transpulmonary pressure - difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures (Ppul - Pip)
true
Which of the following is the most common complication of premature birth
infant respiratory distress syndrome
internal respiration is the gas exchange between pulmonary blood vessels and lung tissues
false
breathing air into and out of the lungs is called
external breathing
which respiratory measurement is normally about 1200ml?
expiratory reserve volume
alveolar type I cells permit exchange of gases by simple diffusion
true
which respiratory measurement is normally the smallest
tidal volume
surface tension of alveolar fluid draws alveoli to their smallest possible size
true
which of the following statement is incorrect
none of the above is incorrect
the point of tracheal division is called
carina
the elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
to auscultate to aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the
second intercostal space to the left of the sternum
surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of the aveolar fluid
true
four processes that helps the respiratory system supply the body with oxygen and dispose carbon dioxide
Pulmonary ventilation - air moves in and out of lungs
external respiration - oxygen diffuses from lungs to blood and CO2 diffuses from blood to lungs
transport of respiratory gases- O2 from lungs to tissue cells, CO2 from tissue cells to lungs
Internal respiration - O2 from blood to tissue, O2 from tissue cells to blood
upper respiratory and lower respiratory
upper respiratory consist of structures from the nose to the larynx
lower respiratory consist of structures from the larynx and all structures below it
The nose and paranasal sinuses
provides airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air
filters and cleans inspired air
serves as a resonating chamber for speech
houses the olfactory receptors
The pharynx
connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus. divided into three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
it serves only as an air passageway. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.
pharyngeal tonsil - traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air
oropharynx
swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it. stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx
serves as a passageway for food and air. stratified squamous epithelium
respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
conducting zone
consist of respiratory passageways from nose to respiratory bronchioles
The larynx
provides a patent airway
act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
voice productions
stratified squamous epithelium
arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate catilages, and epiglottis
pairs of small cartilages. arytenoid anchors the vocal folds.
glottis
medial opening between the vocal folds which air passes through
vestibular folds
helps close the glottis when we swallow
The trachea
descends from larynx through the neck into mediastinum
consis of mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia
mucosa
its cilia continually propel debris-laden mucus toward the pharynx
submucosa
contains seromucous glands that helps produce mucus sheets within the trachea
adventitia
encases the hyaline cartilage
bronchi and subdivisions
trachea divides into right main bronchus and left main bronchus. each bronchus divides into lobar bronchi, 3 on the right and 2 on the left. the lobar divides into tertiary bronchi
respiratory zone structures
begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which leads into alveolar ducts, then leads into alveolar sacs
respiratory membrane
formed by the capillary, alveolar walls, and their fused basement membranes
Type II aveolar cells
secretes surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces
bronchopulmonary segments
right lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments. left lung consists of 8-10 segments. Each segment is served by its own artery and vein and receives air from an individual segmental bronchus
what does a negative respiratory pressure indicate
pressure in that region is lower than atmospheric pressure
positive respiratory
pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure and zero respiratory pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
pressure in the alveoli
rises and falls with phases of breathing
always equalizes with atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure (Pip)
pressure in the pleural cavity
Pip is always negative to intrapulmonary pressure
What causes negative intrapleural pressure
lungs natural tendency to collapse
surface tension of the alveolar fluid
transpulmonary pressure
intrapumonary pressure - intrapleural pressure
keeps lungs from collapsing
the size of transpulmonary pressure determines the size of lungs
what will happen if intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure
the lungs will collapse
pulmonary ventilation
depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity
volumes change, pressure changes
pressure changes, flow of gases
Inspiration
diaphragm contracts
thoracic cavity volume increases
lungs are stretched, intrapulmonary volume increases
intrapulmonary pressure drops
air flows into lungs
expiration
intercostal muscles contracts
thoracic volume decreases
intrapulmonary volume decreaes
intrapulmonary pressure rises
air flows out of lungs
lung compliance
stretchy healthy lungs. the greater the lung compliance, the easier the lungs will expand.
determined by: disensibility of lung tissue and alveolar surface tension
tidal volume
500ml of air moves in and out of lungs with each breath
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume (2100ml-3200ml)
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after normal tidal volume expiration (1000ml-1200ml)
residual volume
amount of air that remains int he lungs after expiration (1200ml)
inspiratory capacity
amount of air that can be inspired after normal tidal volume expiration
IC = TV + IRV
functional residual capacity
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
FRC = RV + ERV
vital capacity
total amount of exchangeable air
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
total lung capacity
sum of all lung volumes
dead space
some inspired air fills the conducting respiratory passageways and never contributes to gas exchange in the alveoli (150ml)
forced vital capacity
amount of gas expelled when you take a deep breath and forcefully exhale
forced expiratory volume
amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of FVC
obstuctive pulmonary disease
increased airway resistance
restrictive pulmonary disease
reduced total lung capacity
alveolar ventilation
AVR = frequency X (TV -dead space) m
minute ventilation
total amount of gas that flows in or out of the respiratory tract in a minute (6L/min)
3 factors influencing external respiration
partial pressure grandients and gas solubility
thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
ventilation- perfusion coupling
internal respiration
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
tissue cells use O2 for metabolic activities and produce CO2