Victimology Midterm Flashcards

Provides information on number of deaths (murders)

False

False

True

False

For that definition to be true it must include: and their environment.

True

Fredrick Wertham

Hierarchy Rule

Offending can be viewed as part of a risky lifestyle

Marvin Wolfgang

All of the above

A) To protect others

B) To stop the offender

C) Prevent future violence

D) Fear of Reprisal (retaliation)

True

Preponderance of evidence

True

consequences of victimization

• psychological damage-- most severe
• physical damage
• financial damage--- most difficult to measure

By Benjamin Mendelson in a speech 1947--(but it was not published).

in 1949 in his book "The shadow of Violence"

Victimology, is the scientific study of victims and victimization (and the reactions to both of those).

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An eye for an eye.

victims & their kin handled the problem & were the beneficiaries of any payment

offender would suffer in proportion to the degree of harm caused

A criminal is punished because he or she deserve it, and the punishment is equal to the harm caused.

making a payment in an amount sufficient to render the victim "whole" again

Money or services paid to victims of crimes by the offenders.

Early Babylonian code that emphasized the restoration of equality between the offender and the victim.

The extent to which a victim is responsible for his her own victimization

When a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime

When a person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act.

Developed a victim typology based on characteristics of the victim that increase the risk of victimization

"Father of Victimology" coined the term Victimology in the mid 1940s

Argued that victims have a functional responsibility not to provoke others into victimizing or harming them and that they also should actively attempt to prevent that from occurring

Used philadelphia homicide data to conduct the first empirical investigation of victim precipitation

The victim facilitates her or his own death by using poor judgement, placing himself or herself at risk, living a risky lifestyle, or using alcohol or drugs.

Studied victim provocation in rapes.

1st ever government-sponsored victimization survey; relied on the victims to recall their own victimization experiences

Recognized the need for female victims of crime to receive special attention and help due to fact that victimizations such as sexual assault & domestic violence are by products of sexism, traditional sex roles, emphasis on traditional family values, and the economic subjugation of women.

Advocated against racism & discrimination, noting that all Americans have rights that are protected by the U.S. constitution.

Movement centered on giving victims a voice in the criminal justice system & providing them rights.

Mental, physica, & money loss that victims of crime incur

Annual reports of the amount of crime reported to or known by the police in a year--- reports submitted by the FBI monthly

National survey of households that is used to generate annual estimates of victimization in the U.S.

Giving a time frame to reference in order to aid recall

Used to cue respondents or jog their memories as to whether they experienced any of 7 types of criminal victimization in the previous six months.

If more than one Part I offense occurs in the same incident report, only the most serious offense will be counted in the reporting process.

Detailed questions about a victimization experience

A persons routine activities & lifestyle place him/her at risk of being victimized. Risk is highest when motivated offenders, lack of capable guardianship, & suitable targets coalesce in time & space.

Generally, a set of testable propositions designed to explain why a person is victimized.

People who will commit crime if given an opportunity

Victims chosen by offenders based on their attractiveness in the situation/ crime

Means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded to prevent a victimization from occurring.

People who share characteristics of offenders are more at risk of victimization, given that they are more likely to come into contact with offenders

Features of neighborhoods that impact risk for victimization

Areas that are crime prone

Household style or shape

The % of units in structures of five or more units

The % of persons 5years & older living in a different house from 5 years before.

People involved in delinquency with whom a person spends time, having such peer increases one's likelihood of victimization

The amount control one possess over others and the amount of control to which one is subject, the ratio of control influences the risk of engaging in deviant behavior.

Control surplus and control deficit considered.

When the control one has exceeds the amount of control one is subject to

When the amount of control a person exercises is outweighed by the control he or she is subject to

proposes that distressed individuals behave aggressively, which then elicits an aggressive response from others

examines the development of and desistance from offending and other behaviors over time

Proposes that a person with low self-control will engage in crime if given the opportunity

proposes that marriage and employment can help one desist from criminal behavior.

Genes interact with environmental features to shape behavior.

physical harm suffered that may include bruises, soreness, scratches, cuts, broken bones, contracted diseases, and stab or gunshot wounds.

a mood disorder characterized by sleep disturbances, changes in eating habits, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, and irritability. These symptoms interfere with a person's everyday life.

a person's own perception of his or her worth or value.

beliefs and emotions about a person's own self-worth or value.

an affective disorder or state often experienced as irrational & excessive fear and worry, which may coupled with feelings of tension and restlessness, vigilance, irritability and difficulty concentrating.

Psychiatric anxiety disorder caused by experiencing traumatic events such as war, violence, etc.

a traumatic event

Reexperienceing trauma through recurring or intrusive recollections or nightmares, feelings as though the event were recurring, and/or intense psychological distress when exposed to cues that symbolize or resemble a component of the traumatic event.

Regular avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event & numbness of response

persistent arousal symptomology; for example, not being able to sleep, being hyper-vigilant , and having problems concentrating.

victims believe they are responsible for their own victimization

person ascribes blame to a non-modifiable source, such as one's character.

When a person believes she or he did something to cause victimization

victims believe they are unable to change the situation & stop trying to resist

Financial costs associated with victimization

When victims' possessions are taken or damaged

costs associated with treating victims of crime

psychiatric care required as a result of being victimized

being unable to work, go to school, or complete everyday tasks because of being victimized

costs paid by society in response to victimization (e.g., law enforcement, insurance costs).

when a person or place is victimized more than once in any way

when person is victimized more than once in the same way

when a person is victimized more than once over the course of the life span

characteristics about a person that, if left unchanged, place him or her at greater risk of being victimized repeatedly

the way a victim and offender respond to an incidence of victimization effects their likelihood of being involved in future victimization

the effect one person's victimization has on others

people whose love ones have been murdered

disclosing the victimization to the police

an emotional response to being afraid of being victimized

the perceived likelihood that a person will be victimized

low-level breaches of community standards that show that conventionally accepted norms and values have eroded in an area

disorderly physical surroundings in an area

disruptive social behaviors in an area

regular avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event and numbness of response

behaviors to guard against victimization, such as purchasing a weapon

when a person, usually in childhood or during the same developmental time period, experiences multiple forms of victimization (generally happening w/in the same time period)

a victimization that occurs near a place that was recently victimized

pg 65

pg 65

characteristics about a person that, if left unchanged, place him or her at greater risk of being victimized repeatedly.

...

the way a victim & offenders respond to an incidence of victimization effects their likelihood of being involved in future victimization

...

repeat victimization incident that occurs more then 30 days after the initial incident

rights given to victims to enhance their privacy, protection, & participation

the right of victims to be kept apprised of key events in their cases

rights given to victims to encourage participation in the CJS; also provide victims rights to discuss their cases with the prosecutor and/or judge before key decisions are made

safety measures provided to victims

victims' interest are considered when judges rule on postponement of trial dates

developed & implemented guidelines for how officials respond to victims & witnesses

Created the Office for Victims of Crime and provided funds for victim compensation

gave victims' rights to children who were victims & witnesses

created a federal bill of rights for victims

guaranteed victims the right to restitution

increased funds for victim compensation & created the national sex offender registry

provided funding for rape prevention & education & domestic violence victims & included Internet Stalking as a crime

required restitution for violent crimes and increased funds available to victims of terrorism

allowed victims to make impact statements & attend their offenders' trial

gave $$ to programs for prevention & treatment of female victims

enforced victims' rights & provided funds to test the backlog of rape kits

the right of victims to have monies that they lost due to victimization repaid to them by the state

money or services paid to victims of crimes by the offenders

victims may sue their offenders in civil court to recoup costs & to compensate for emotional harm

statement made to the court by the victim or his or her family about the harm caused and the desired sentence for the offender

provide aid to victims during the investigation & criminal justice process

a movement recognizing that crime is a harm caused not just to the state but to the victim & his or her community. It seeks to use all entities in response to crime & allows for input from the offender, the victim, & community members harmed by the offense in making a determination of how to repair the harm caused by the offender.

victim, offender, family, friends, and supporters talk about the impact & consequences of a crime.

gathering of victim, offender, community members, and sometimes criminal justice officials to promote healing.

gathering of victim, offender, community members, &

sessions led by a 3rd party in which the victim & offender meet face-to-face to come to a mutually satisfactory agreement as to what should happen to the offender--often through the development of a restitution plan

offender not formally charged if she/he completes required programs

Robert Akers (1973)

Behavior is learned through our interactions with other people and our environment.

Differential Association- spending time with criminals

Definition- meaning & attitudes to certain behaviors

Reinforcement- rewards vs punishment

Imitation- behavior after observation of similar behavior

psychological damage is the most serious

3 common responses

• depression
• reduced self esteem, anxiety

Risk heterogeneity (diverse in character content)

focuses on qualities or characteristics of the victim, (that initially place the victim @ risk will keep that person at risk of subsequent victimization)

the characteristics of the victim are not important, but how the reactions of both offender and victim after the event are important

victims rights

attend court & sentencing hearings

consult with court personnel

protection (physical & employment)

speedy trial

NOT ALL STATES AWARD ALL RIGHTS TO VICTIMS

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