The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the
following ions?
A) calcium ions
B) potassium ions
C)
hydrogen ions
D) sodium ions
D
The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.
A) the feeling
one might have after a long swim
B) the unpleasant feeling
people have after drinking too much liquor
C) a condition that
may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts
of water
D) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium
in the extracellular fluid compartment
C
Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma
proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.
A)
tissue edema
B) extreme weight loss
C) extreme weight gain
D) nerve damage
A
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of
sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
A)
antidiuretic hormone
B) erythropoietin
C) aldosterone
D) renin
C
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of
the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.
A)
enhance atrial contractions
B) activate the renin-angiotensin
mechanism
C) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
D)
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
D
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.
A) a person
consumes excessive amounts of antacids
B) a person's breathing
is shallow due to obstruction
C) a runner has completed a very
long marathon
D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
B
Which of the following two organs function as the most important
physiological buffer systems?
A) the lungs and the kidneys
B) the adrenal glands and the testes
C) the thyroid gland
and the heart
D) the stomach and the liver
A
Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the
body?
A) neuromuscular activity
B) membrane permeability
C) secretory activity
D) anabolism of proteins
D
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels
in the body?
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) water levels
D) glucocorticoids
B
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is
________.
A) plasma
B) intracellular fluid
C)
interstitial fluid
D) cerebrospinal fluid
A
Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their
ECF than do adults.
A) iron
B) sodium
C) magnesium
D) bicarbonate
B
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most
________ is found in the intracellular fluid.
A) iron
B)
chloride
C) potassium
D) magnesium
C
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and
potassium between cells and body fluids?
A) K+ mainly in the
cells, Na+ in the body fluids
B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in
the body fluids
C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and
body fluids
D) little of either in the cells, but large amounts
of each in the body fluids
A
Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are
particularly common in infants because of their ________.
A)
inefficient kidneys
B) comparatively low metabolic rates
C) low rate of insensible water loss
D) low daily rate of
fluid exchange
A
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion
is ________.
A) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule
cells
B) the pH of the ICF
C) intracellular sodium levels
D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
D
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer
system.
A) phosphate
B) hemoglobin
C) bicarbonate
D) protein
C
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide
due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.
A) respiratory
acidosis
B) respiratory alkalosis
C) metabolic acidosis
D) metabolic alkalosis
A
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.
A) requires active transport
B) is regulated by osmotic
and hydrostatic forces
C) requires ATP for the transport to take
place
D) involves filtration
B
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting
nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and
water retention?
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) atrial
natriuretic peptide
D) thyroxine
C
Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen
ion concentration in blood?
A) chemical buffer systems
B)
diet
C) respiratory changes
D) renal mechanism
B
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?
A)
bicarbonate
B) phosphate
C) nucleic acid
D) protein
C
Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the
following except ________.
A) lymph and interstitial fluid
B) blood plasma
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) glucose
D
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?
A) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid
shifts.
B) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in
regulating fluid shifts in the body.
C) Electrolytes have
greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the
greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
D) There are always more
positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore
impossible to follow fluid shifts.
C
Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water
conservation in the kidneys?
A) aldosterone
B) thymosin
C) antidiuretic hormone
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
C
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result
of ________.
A) the control of respiratory ventilation
B)
the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach
C)
the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule
cells
D) control of the acids produced in the stomach
A
Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?
A)
excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion
B) hypotonic
hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high
C) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
D) excess water in
interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins
A
The regulation of sodium ________.
A) is due to specific sodium
receptors in the hypothalamus
B) is linked to blood pressure
C) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium
excretion in the kidneys
D) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor
detection of ion concentration
B
Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base
balance.
A) The kidneys are not able to excrete phosphoric acid.
B) Excreted hydrogen ions are unbound in the filtrate.
C)
Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion.
D)
The kidneys are the most important mechanism for eliminating all
bicarbonate ions.
C
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing
rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the
following is most likely?
A) respiratory acidosis
B)
metabolic acidosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) respiratory alkalosis
B
A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an
abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?
A)
respiratory acidosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) metabolic
alkalosis
D) respiratory alkalosis
C
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is
________.
A) a dry mouth from high temperatures
B)
becoming overly agitated
C) drinking caffeinated beverages
D) a rise in plasma osmolality
D
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries,
some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt
affect her physiology?
A) It will increase the osmolality of the
blood.
B) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) She will experience hypotension.
D) There will be a
shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.
B
The most important force causing net water flow across capillary
walls is ________.
A) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins
B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
C) hydrostatic
pressure of interstitial fluid
D) intracellular hydrostatic pressure
B
Which of the following does not depend on the presence of
electrolytes?
A) membrane polarity
B) neuromuscular
excitability
C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells
and ECF
D) amount of body fat
D
The regulation of potassium balance ________.
A) is not linked
to sodium balance
B) includes renal secretion, but never
absorption
C) is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms
D) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
D