The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends
most on the permeability properties of the ________.
A) loop of
Henle
B) glomerular filtration membrane
C) collecting duct
D) distal convoluted tubule
A
Urine passes through the ________.
A) renal hilum to the
bladder to the ureter
B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to
bladder to urethra
C) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule
D) hilum to urethra to bladder
B
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?
A) a podocyte
B) a vasa recta
C) a fenestrated
capillary
D) an efferent arteriole
B
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule
to water is due to a(n) ________.
A) decrease in the production
of ADH
B) increase in the production of ADH
C) increase in
the production of aldosterone
D) decrease in the concentration
of the blood plasma
B
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
A)
transitional
B) simple squamous
C) stratified squamous
D) pseudostratified columnar
A
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
A) when
the peritubular capillaries are dilated
B) when the pH of the
urine decreases
C) by a decrease in the blood pressure
D)
when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
C
Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?
A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition,
volume, and pressure of blood
B) regulates blood glucose levels
and produces hormones
C) maintains blood osmolarity
D)
eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide,
water, salts, and heat
D
Which gland sits atop each kidney?
A) adrenal
B) thymus
C) pituitary
D) pancreas
A
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and
medulla of the kidney.
A) lobar
B) arcuate
C)
interlobar
D) cortical radiate
B
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it
________.
A) has a basement membrane
B) is impermeable to
most substances
C) is drained by an efferent arteriole
D)
has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems
C
The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
A) is not
permeable to water
B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea
C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule
D)
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into
the medulla
D
Select the correct statement about the ureters.
A) Ureters
contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the
backflow of urine.
B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like
the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.
C) The ureters
are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.
C
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it
________.
A) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to
operate efficiently
B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by
holding them in their normal position
C) is necessary as a
barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys
D) produces
vitamin D
B
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
A) Bowman's capsule
and glomerulus
B) the descending loop of Henle
C) the
renal pyramid
D) the renal papilla
A
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
A) nephron
B) loop of Henle
C) glomerular capsule
D) basement membrane of the capillaries
A
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
A)
the secretion of drugs
B) the secretion of acids and ammonia
C) reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water
D) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling
systemic blood pressure
D
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the
filtration membrane is ________.
A) the design and size of the
podocytes
B) the thickness of the capillary endothelium
C)
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
D)
the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
C
Which of the following statements describes the histology of the
ureters?
A) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and
adventitia).
B) They are actually an extension of the visceral
peritoneum.
C) They are made up of several layers of
endothelium.
D) They are made up entirely of muscle tissue
because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently.
A
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
A) The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive
systems at the same time.
B) The male urethra serves both the
urinary and reproductive systems but at different times.
C) The
male urethra is longer than the female urethra.
D) The male
urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen.
A
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of
micturition (voiding)?
A) the stretching of the bladder wall
B) motor neurons
C) the pressure of the fluid in the
bladder
D) the sympathetic efferents
A
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
A)
glomerular endothelium
B) podocytes
C) renal fascia
D) basement membrane
C
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
A) active transport
B) osmosis
C) solvent drag
D) cotransport with sodium ions
B
ost electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is
________.
A) not Tm limited
B) in the distal convoluted
tubule
C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
D) completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached
C
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
A) aldosterone
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) changes in pressure in the
tubule
D) changes in solute content of the filtrate
D
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted
tubule?
A) Na+
B) K+
C) glucose
D) creatinine
D
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma
except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
A) glucose
B) hormones
C) electrolytes
D)
plasma protein
D
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
A) is not
reabsorbed by the tubule cells
B) increases the rate of
glomerular filtration
C) increases secretion of ADH
D)
inhibits the release of ADH
D
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
A) constrict
arterioles and increase blood pressure
B) decrease the
production of aldosterone
C) decrease arterial blood pressure
D) decrease water absorption
A
A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.
A) diabetes mellitus
B) diabetes insipidus
C)
diabetic acidosis
D) coma
B
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or
density, which is ________.
A) 1.041-1.073
B) 1.001-1.035
C) 1.030-1.040
D) 1.000-1.015
B
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop
of urine to its elimination from the body.
1. major calyx
2. minor calyx
3. nephron
4.
urethra
5. ureter
6. collecting duct
A) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4
B) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
C) 2, 1, 3,
6, 5, 4
D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
D
Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
A) The
parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous
epithelium.
B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the
proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
C) Podocytes are
the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.
D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated
capillaries their name.
A
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased
above normal?
A) Net filtration would increase above normal.
B) Net filtration would decrease.
C) Filtration would
increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.
D)
Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would
not change.
B
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular
apparatus?
A) granular cells
B) macula densa
C)
podocyte cells
D) mesangial cells
C
Tubular reabsorption ________.
A) includes substances such as
creatinine
B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement
against an electrical and/or chemical gradient
C) by passive
processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule
to the blood
D) is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste
B
Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not
reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?
A)
They lack carriers.
B) They are not lipid soluble.
C) They
are too large to pass through the fenestrations.
D) They are
extremely complex molecules.
D
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the
filtrate is accomplished by ________.
A) facilitated diffusion
B) passive transport
C) countertransport
D)
secondary active transport
D
Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle?
A) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small
volume of very dilute urine
B) form a large volume of very
dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
C)
absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by
osmosis
D) none of these
B
Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.
A) fetuses do not have any waste to excrete
B) there are
no functional nephrons until after birth
C) the placenta allows
the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood
D) there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh
month of development
C
Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults
(70 years or older)?
A) Kidney function remains the same
throughout life, regardless of age.
B) Only about 3% of older
adults have any loss of kidney function.
C) Only obese and
diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction.
D) Kidney
function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
D
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the
________.
A) colloid osmotic pressure of the blood
B)
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
C) capsular hydrostatic pressure
D) myogenic mechanism
B
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the
concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the
amino acid will ________.
A) be actively secreted into the
filtrate
B) be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
C) appear in the urine
D) be reabsorbed by secondary
active transport
C
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does
this mean?
A) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered
out of the blood.
B) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the
blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules.
C)
Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.
D) The clearance value
of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult.
C
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
A) relative
permeability of the distal tubule to water
B) impermeability of
the collecting tubule to water
C) transport of sodium and
chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle
D) the
presence of ADH
B
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the
renal tubules can raise blood pH?
A) by secreting hydrogen ions
into the filtrate
B) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions
C) by producing new bicarbonate ions
D) by secreting
sodium ions
D
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.
A)
thin segment is freely permeable to water
B) thick segment is
permeable to water
C) thin segment is not permeable to sodium
and chloride
D) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial
spaces for reabsorption
D
Select the correct statement about urinary system development.
A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.
B) The
metanephric ducts will become the urethras.
C) The pronephros
(first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation.
D) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys.
A
Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of
tubular secretion?
A) disposing of substances not already in the
filtrate, such as certain drugs
B) eliminating undesirable
substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by
passive processes
C) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions
D) ridding the body of excessive potassium ions
C
Which statement is correct?
A) Reabsorption of water is
hormonally controlled.
B) Normal filtrate contains a large
amount of protein.
C) Most of the water passing through the
kidney is eliminated as urine.
D) The excretion of sodium ions
is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.
A
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A) help
regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the
kidneys
B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of
excretion by the kidneys
C) help regulate urea absorption by the
kidneys
D) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
A
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the
nephron?
A) macula densa
B) principal cell
C) vasa
recta
D) loop of Henle
A
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water
reabsorption?
A) ADH
B) thyroxine
C) aldosterone
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
A
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate
control method?
A) renal autoregulation
B) neural
regulation
C) electrolyte levels
D) hormonal regulation
C
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators
of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
A) angiotensin II and
ADH
B) angiotensin II and aldosterone
C) angiotensin I and
epinephrine
D) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide
B
Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes
in solute content of the filtrate?
A) juxtaglomerular cells
B) mesangial cells
C) macula densa cells
D) podocytes
C