Fungi are particularly adept at infecting
Plants
Carriers
May have a persistent infection and may be a source of infection
Enzymes act on ______ to generate _______
Substrates, products
Glycolysis
Is also known as the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway
Enzymes act as
Catalysts
The ability to exist as either a trophozite or a cyst is characteristic of many
Protozoa
Members of the Archaea typically thrive in conditions of excessive
Heat, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity
Which of the following microbes is important to cheese making
Lactic acid bacteria and propionibacterium
Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
Do not produce oxygen as a by-product and may obtain electrons from H2S
If reasonably pure preparations of a virus were available, the number of virus present may be determined by
Electron microscopy
Fleas
May transmit yersinia pestis
Why is it virtually impossible to stamp out a disease caused by a zoonotic virus
You'd have to drive the organism out to do so.
many vector organisms have multiple stages of their life cycle that can carry a zoonotic virus, which complicates controlling the vector-borne transmission
many viruses transmitted in this manner may utilize more than one vector organism
many zoonotic viruses may be able to reside in more than one host organism, complicating control measures
The genomes of free- living spirochetes are larger than those living in animal host. Why might this be
Free- living spirochetes will need genes to code for additional proteins to synthesize or obtain their own food from the environment around them. Parasitic spirochetes obtain nutrients from the animal host, and may not need to move towards those nutrients.
Which is true of competitive inhibition
Substrate and inhibitor both bind to the active site and sulfa antibiotic is a competitive inhibitor
Which type of phosphorylation does not require a membrane
Substrate level phosphorylation
Which of the following are obligate intracellular parasites
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
Specialized transduction
Involves the transfer of few specific genes, utilizes a defective virus and only involves genes near the viral DNA integration site
Pediculus humanus
Only uses humans as a host and can transmit a bacterial disease
Coccidioidomycosis is
A fungal disease and caused by Coccidioides sp.
Fermentation is sometimes used as a means of slowing food spoilage. Why would fermentation lead to this outcome
Fermentation will lead to production of acidic by-products, dropping the pH of the food below a level that bacteria can tolerate
Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in
Aerobic respiration
During penetration of E. coli by the T4 phage
The tail acts as a "hypodermic needle" injecting the phage DNA into the cell
Luminescence
is catalyzed by luciferase
may be controlled by quorum sensing
may be produced by bacteria
Organisms that may cause red tide are
Dinoflagellates
Streptococcus pyogenes
Is beta-hemolytic
The name given to the reaction involving addition of electrons or hydrogen atoms to a compound is termed
Reduction
One of the greatest causes of human deaths through time has been due to
Plasmodium spp.
Haustoria
Are specialized hyphae used by parasitic fungi
Deuteromycetes has been further classified using
rRNA analysis
Complex structures called fruiting bodies are a characteristic of
Myxobacteria
Prions are
An infectious protein
Why is it not surprising that AIDS patients frequently suffer a viral-induced tumor
HIV genomes intergrate into the host cell chromosomes. This intergration might result in loss of control of the cell cycle ( also known as cancer)
Fungi that are important for fermentation of fruits
Are yeast
are facultative anaerobes
grow well at acid pH
secrete enzymes that degrade organic molecules
The best known chronic infection involves
Hepatitis B
The family to which the Rhinovirus belongs is the
Picornaviridae
The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and an acetyl group begins
The Kreb cycle
How could heavily fertilized lawns contribute to cyanobacterial blooms in lakes and oceans
Run off from the lawns will get into the water system, leading to large amounts of nitrogen that can be used by cyanobacteria in water systems
Retroviruses are unique in that they
Use RNA as a template to make DNA
Proton motive force
Is used to synthesize ATP and is used to drive flagella rotation
In the phototrophic production of energy, the oxygen originates from
Water
After growth in tissue culture, the infected cells lyse and the virus may be harvested from
The Lysate,the liquid supernatant after centrifugation
The enveloped viruses typically obtain their envelope
From the host plasma membrane and as they exit the host
Organisms that typically produce colonies with a fried egg appearance are the
Mycoplasma
Coenzymes are derivatives of
Vitamins
Pseudomonas
Are resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials and are mostly harmless except for the opportunistic P. aeruginosa
Enzymes speed up reactions by
Lowering activation energy
Lyme disease is transmitted by
Ticks
A temperate phage
May be lysogenic and enters a lysogenic or lytic life cycle shortly after entering the host cell
Relatively little is known about many obligate anaerobes. Why might this be
It's much harder to provide the right atmospheric environment to cultivate obligate anaerobes, so it's Ben harder to study them
Environmental factors that may affect enzyme activity include
Temperature, pH, and salt
The pH at which most fungi thrive is
5.0
Algae are important environmentally as
Major producers of oxygen
Prions
Are made of protein only
Enzymes that function inside a cell are
Endoenzymes
A student argued that aerobic and anaerobic respiration should produce the same amount of energy. He argued that both processes are essentially the same-only the terminal electron acceptor is different. What's wrong with this argument
Not all electron acceptors are the same-some are closer in terms of electronegativity to their high-energy electron carrier molecules (NADH) than others. The amount of energy that can eventually be obtained is directly proportional to the degree of difference in electronegativity between the high energy electron carrier and the eventual terminal electron acceptor. The greater the difference, the greater the energy obtained. Oxygen typically has the highest electron affinity of the terminal electron acceptor utilized.
The small , Non-protein molecules that can be readily seperated from an enzyme and are responsible for transfer of atoms from one molecule to another are referred to as
Coenzymes
Lice and mites
May both be seperated by personal contact
Pyuvate can be metabolized along two major routes. They are
Fermentation and respiration
Which of the following structures would be the best choice as a biological indicator to test autoclave operations
Endospores formed by Geobacillus (Bacillus) stearothermophilus
Trepenoma and borrelia
Are spirochetes
Resistance of some animals to certain viral diseases is based on
Lack of specific receptors on the host cells
Streptomyces
Resemble fungi in their pattern of growth and produce a number of antibiotics
In which stage of aerobic respiration is water produced
Electron transport system
Endospores
Are a dormant form of a bacterium and are formed by members of medically relevant groups of bacteria
The changes that occur in virally infected cells are characteristic for a particular virus and are referred to as the
Cytopathic effect
How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced by the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule
6
Sexual reproduction in algae utilizes meiosis that results in the production of
Gametes with half the amount of DNA as in the parental cells
Each of the following statements about chemoorganotrophs is true except
They may use photophosphorylation to produce ATP
Biosynthetic reactions that require energy for the conversion of molecular subunits into larger molecules are called
Anabolic reactions
When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, what is the net production of ATP
2ATP
The group of fungi in which sexual reproduction has not been observed is
Deuteromycetes
Each FADH2 from the Kreb cycle enters the electron transport system and gives rise to ___ ATP
2
Clostridium,Lactobacillus, and propionibacterium all
Oxidize organic compounds and use organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors
Glycolysis
Uses 2 ATP, produces 4 ATP, without oxygen
In the electron transport system
NADH donates electrons "upstream" of where FADH2 donates electrons
The electron transport system
Requires a membrane and generates a concentration gradient of protons
Each of the following are electron carriers except
FADP
Anoxygenic phototrophs
Use hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds as a source of electrons
The site in a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell where photosynthesis occurs is the
Chloroplast
Which of the following is not a process that regenerates ATP
Reductive phosphorylation
Prions affect the
Nervous system
Archaea are typically found living in extreme environments. An exception to this are the
Methanogens
Comparatively greater energy is released when
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Protozoan classification used to be based on their means of
Locomotion
The term " precurser metabolite " refers to molecules that
Are used in biosynthesis
Allosteric enzymes
Have an additional binding site that is involved in regulating enzyme activity
A student complains that it makes no sense to worry about coli form bacteria in water, since we naturally possess harmless coli forms in our intestines anyway. Why do regulatory agencies worry about coliform bacteria in water supplies, then
Not all coliforms are harmless and symbiotic with human beings. Some may carry genes/proteins that can make them dangerous to humans. It's best to keep coliform OUT of our drinking water, since it's difficult to identify which ones might be harmless and which ones might be harmful
Fungi are important because of their ability to
Help many plants grow
cause disease in plants
make certain foods and beverages
spoil food
Spongiform encephalopathy occurs in
Humans
cattle
sheep
The readily usable energy currency of cells is
ATP
Viruses may not be cultivated in
Blood agar
How do anoxygenic phototrophs benefit from possessing accessory pigments that allow light to be harvested at deeper areas of a fluid environment
This allows even anaerobic microbes to conduct photosynthesis, as they can harvest light energy in the deeper areas where oxygen won't be present, use wavelengths of light not absorbed (filtered out) by the photosynthetic organisms closer to the surface of the fluid, and don't have to compete with other cells that utilize oxygen in the upper levels for the scarce nutrients in the fluid environment
Dimorphic fungi
May grow as mycelia or yeast and are often associated with disease in humans
Most enzymes function best at
Slightly above pH 7 and low salt concentration
Many spirochetes are difficult to cultivate, so their classification is based on their
Morphology and ability to cause disease
Viroids characteristically are composed of
ssRNA
The most common starting pathway for the breakdown of sugars is
Glycolysis
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in
Glycolysis and Kreb cycle
The use of the suffix "ase" on a word denotes an
Enzyme
Bacteria that may form endospores include
Clostridium and bacillus
Which of the following colonize the vagina during childbearing years
Lactobacilli
The correct order for the stages of a phage infection is
Attachment, penetration, transcription, replication of nucleic acid and protein, assembly, release
Helicobacter pylori
Inhabit the stomach
In the case of T-even phages, the burst size is about
200 per host cell
The principal sites of amphibolic interaction occur during
Glycolysis and Kreb cycle
Cells degrade sugar largely to
Gain energy
The filamentous phages all contain
Single-stranded DNA
Lactic acid bacteria such as lactococcus
Are obligate fermenters
Which of the following processes generates the greatest amount of energy
Aerobic respiration
Mycoplasma
Lack peptidoglycan, are the smallest free-living organism and have sterols in their membranes
Gonyaulax
Produces a non-protein neurotoxin and is a dinoflagellate
Exergonic reactions
Occur when there is more free energy in the reactants than the products
Tapeworms
Do not have a digest system and may be transmitted by eating undercooked meat
Concerning catabolism and anabolism
The intermediates of one serve as the reactants in the other and the energy gathered in one is utilized in the other
Animal viruses are divided into a number of families whose names end in
Viridae
Viroids cause disease in
Plants
Which are true of coenzymes
They are organic molecules
they transfer atoms from one molecule to another
they may bind to a number of different enzymes
they are synthesized from vitamins
The Gram-positive rod that is also acid fast and is human pathogen is
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fungi are important in
Food production
food spoilage
production of antibiotics
disease of plants
Reticulate and elementary bodies are two forms of
Chlamydia
In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP
38 ATP
The concentration of virus that infects or kills 50% of the host cells is referred to as the
LD 50 and ID 50-
As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _____ into the outer membrane compartment setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force.
Hydrogen ions
Fermentation
Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Fungal diseases are generally referred to as
Mycoses
Which are true regarding organic acids
They are weak acids
they are often involved in metabolic reactions
they often exist in the ionized form at the near-neutral pH found in a cell.
pyruvate and pyruvic acid refer to different forms of the same substance
What part of the attached bacteriophage enters through the host cell wall
The nucleic acid
The step involving ATP p, hexokinase and the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is
An example of substrate level phosphorylation
Cells taken from a tumor
May be used to grow viruses and can be cultivated in vitro indefinitely
Is antigenic shift alone likely to lead to influenza pandemics
Perhaps but it would most likely be a mixture of antigenic shift and drift that would result in a pandemic strain
Nematodes
Are roundworms and are found in the gastrointestinal tract or the blood