Human Anatomy & Physiology: A&P 1 lecture- chapter 8 Flashcards

sites where 2 or more bones meet

• hold skeleton together
• give skeleton mobility

• fibrous joint
• cartilaginous joint
• synovial joint

joined by fibrous tissues and ligaments, no cavity present; so slightly movable.

sutures (e.g. cranial bones)

syndesmoses (tibia and fubula, radius and ulna)

gomphoses (peg in socket joints of teeth and alveolar sockets)

united by cartilages; no cavity, movable; e.g. pubic symphysis

synchordoses (ribs and sternum, costal cartilage)

there is cavity, bones are separated by fluid= synovial fluid freely movable; i.e. shoulder joint, hip joint)

immovable

slightly moveable

freely movable

1. all are diarthrotic
2. include all limb joints and most joints of the body
3. posse articular cartilage (hyaline)
4. joint or articular cavity (potential space)
5. articular capsule (synovial membrane)
6. synovial fluid (white viscous fluid from plasma and hyaluronic acid)
7. reinforcing ligaments (capsular, extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments)
8. nerves and blood vessels (sensory nerves, nourishes)

1. articular surfaces (shapes: shallow socket)
2. ligaments: unite bone prevent excessive and undesirable motion)
3. muscle tone: keeps low levels contractile, kept taut at all time, ready to react to stimulation

1. muscle origin (attatchment to the immovable bone)
2. insertion (attachment to the movable bone)
3. movement (muscles move from the insertion point to toward the ine origin during contraction)

1. gliding movements
2. angular movements: increases and decreases the angle btw 2 bones: include- flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
3. rotation movements
4. special movements such as supination and pronation; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion; inversion and eversion; protraction and retraction; elevation and depression; and opposition

turning backward and turning forward (i.w. radius around the ulna)

up and down movement of foot at ankle

sole moves medially or laterally

anterior and posterior movement at transverse plane

lifting a body part superiorly or moving inferiorly.

I.E- superior- shrugging shoulder (scapulae) and inferior (mandible movement when chewing gum

touch thumb to the finger tips of the other finger

1. Plane (intercarpal joints)- nonaxial joints, flat articular surfaces & short gliding movements
2. Hinge (elbow joints): uniaxial joints, motion along a single plane & flexion and extension only
3. Pivot (round end fits to a ring; proximal radius joint): rounded end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve" or ring of another bone & uniaxial movement only
4. Condyloid (metacarpal joints): biaxial joints, both articular surfaces are oval and permit all angular movements
5. Saddle (carpal-metacarpal joint of thumb): biaxial, allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints. Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
6. Ball and socket (shoulder point): multiaxial joints, the most freely moving synovial joints

- nonaxial joints, flat articular surfaces & short gliding movements

uniaxial joints, motion along a single plane & flexion and extension only

(round end fits to a ring; proximal radius joint): rounded end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve" or ring of another bone & uniaxial movement only

(metacarpal joints): biaxial joints, both articular surfaces are oval and permit all angular movements

(carpal-metacarpal joint of thumb): biaxial, allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints. Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas

(shoulder point): multiaxial joints, the most freely moving synovial joints

single joint cavity: femoro-patella, lateral and medial tibiofemoral and minisci of the tibi

shoulder joint

ball and socket joint- head of humerus an glenoid fossa of the scapula

stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement

radius and ulna articulate w/the humerus, hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus. Flexion and extension only.

hip joint. ball and socket joint. Head of the femur articulates w/the acetabulum. Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket.

Acetabular labrum- enhances depth of socket

mandibular condyle articulates w/the temporal bone.

2 types of movement- hinge- depression and elevation of mandible

and gliding- side to side (i.e.- grinding teeth)

• sprain
• cartilage tears
• dislocations
• subluxation