Human Anatomy & Physiology: A&P 1 lecture- chapter 6 Flashcards


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1

Skeletal tissues contain 3 cartilages

1. hyaline cartilages- provide support, flexibility, and resilience, most abundant type

2. elastic cartilages- similar to hyaline cartilages but contain elastic fibers

3. fibrocartilages- collagen fibers- have great tensile strength

2

Appositional Growth

(from outside)

cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

- increases thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces

3

Interstitial Growth

chondrocytes divide and secret new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.

- increases length of bones

4

Axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column and rib cage

5

Appendicular skeleton

bones of upper and lower limbs

6

Classifications of bones by shape

  1. Long bones- longer than they are wide (limbs bones)
  2. short bones- cube shaped (in wrist and ankle). Sesamoid bones (w/in tendons, i.e- patella)
  3. flat bones- thin, flat, slightly curved
  4. irregular bones- complicated shapes

7

Functions of Bones

  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Storage- minerals (Ca2+ and phosphorus) and growth factors
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities
  6. Triglyceride (energy storage) in bone cavities

8

Features of bone markings

projections, depressions, and holes or openings that serve as:

  • sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • joint surfaces
  • conduits for blood vessels and nerves

9

Tuberosity

rounded projection

10

Crest

narrow, prominent ridge

11

Trochanter

large, blunt, irregular surface

12

Line

narrow ridge of bone

13

Tubercle

small rounded projection

14

Epicondyle

raised area above a condyle

15

Spine

sharp, slender projection

16

Process

any bony prominence

17

Projections that help to form joints

  • Head- bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
  • Facet- smooth, nearly flat articular surface
  • Condyle- rounded articular projection
  • Ramus- armlike bar

18

Meatus

canal-like passageway

19

Sinus

cavity w/in a bone

20

Fossa

shallow, basin-like depression

21

Groove

furrow

22

Fissure

narrow, slitlike opening

23

Foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

24

Periosteum

  • outer fibrous layer
  • inner osteogenic layer

25

Osteoblasts

bone-forming cells

26

Osteoclasts

bone-destroying cells

27

Osteogenic cells

stem cells

28

Endosteum

cover spongy bone w/in

short irregular and flat bone

contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

29

Red marrow cavities of adults

  • trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus
  • trabecular cavities of the diploe of flat bones

30

Red marrow cavities of newborn infants

medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

31

lacunae

small cavities that contain osteocytes

32

Canaliculi

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

33

Volkmann's canals

at right angles to the central canal

connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal

34

Central (Haversian) canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

35

Lamellae

weight-bearing; column-like matrix tubes

36

Trabeculae

located in spongy bone.

align along lines of stress

no osteons; contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi

37

Osteoid

organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

38

Intramembranous Ossification

  • membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane (no cartilage)
  • forms flat bones

39

Endochondral Ossification

  • type of ossification
  • requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

40

Describe intramembranous ossification process

1. ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

2. bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted w/in firbrous membrane and calcifies

3. woven bone and periosteum form

4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.

41

Describe Endochondral Ossification process

  1. bone collar forms around the hyaline cartilage model
  2. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
  3. the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bones begins to form
  4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
  5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

42

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into 4 important functional zones.

  1. proliferation (growth)- cartilage undergoes mitosis
  2. hypertonic- increasing thickness, older cartilage cells in large
  3. calcification- matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating, blood vessels invade the cavity
  4. ossification (osteogenic) new bone forms

43

Growth hormone stimulates...

epyphyseal plate activity

44

Thyroid hormone modulates...

activity of growth hormone

45

When does bone deposit (bone building) occur?

1. occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed

Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamin C, D, and A; calcium; phosphorus magnesium; and manganese

46

Describe process of bone deposit (bone building)

Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the

  • Osteoid seam- unmineralized band of matrix
  • calcification front- the abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and older mineralized bone

47

Describe bone resorption (breaking down) process

  • Osteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes (digestic organic matrix). Acids convert calcium salts into soluble forms
  • Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitual fluid and then blood

48

What controls continual remodeling of the bone?

calcium, phosphorus, mechanical and gravitational forces (body weight)

49

What is the importance of Calcium?

  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • muscle contraction
  • blood coagulation
  • secretion of glands and nerve cells
  • cell division

50

Calcium

controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  • when blood calcium levels decreases
  • PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Calcium.
  • Blood calcium levels increases to normalization

Secondarily controlled by calcitonin

  • when blood calcium levels increases
  • parafollicular cells of thyroid release calcitonin
  • osteoblasts deposit calcium salts
  • blood calcium levels decreases to normalization

51

Wolff's law

a bone grows and remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it.

52

What are the 4 stages of healing of a bone fracture?

  1. hematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilages callus forms
  3. bony callus formation
  4. bone remodeling

53

Paget's Disease

excessive and haphazard (disorganized) bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis femur or skull (not controlled)