Increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product
catalist
Provides a standard of comparison for test results
Control
Biologic catalyst: protein in nature
enzyme
Substance on which a catalyst works
substrait
The enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolyses. What does that mean?
Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes or hydrolases. break down by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus breaking bonds between the building blocks, or monomers.
What enzyme is this:
1. organ producing it is salivary gland
2. produced in the mouth
3. substrate is starch
4. Optimal ph is neutral
Salivary amylase
What enzyme is this
1. Organ producing it is pancrease
2. Site of action is small intestine
3. Substrate is polypeptide
4. Optimal ph 7.4 - 7.8
Trypsin
What enzyme is this:
1. Organ producing it is the pancrease
2. Site of action is the small intestine
3. Substrate is lipid, fats
4. Optimal ph is 7.4-7.8
Lipase (pancreatic)
Name the end products of digestion for the following types of foods:
fats
fatty acids & monoglycerides
Name the end products of digestion for the following types of foods:
Proteins
amino acids
Name the end products of digestion for the following types of foods:
carbohydrates
glucose
In the exercise concerning trypsin function how could you tell protein hydrolysis occurred?
From clear fluid to yellow fluid a possitive reaction
Why was tube 1T necessary
serves for a control tube
Why was tube 2T necessary
serves as a substrate control
Why was 37c the optimal incubation temperature?
physiological temp of our body is 37c this is the temp a trypsin enzyme would function in
Why did very little, if any, digestion occur in test tube 3T?
Because it was boiled and raised the temperature.
Why did very little digestion occur in test tube 5T?
enzyme will not work at 0 degrees.
Trypsin is a protein-digesting enzyme similar to pepsin, the proein-digesting enzyme in the stomach. Would trypsin work will in the stomach? Why not?
Stomach is very acidic and pepsin is stable at a 2 ph where as trypsin is stable at 7.4-7.6 ph
How did the apperance of the addition of bile salt effect vial 2.
Vial 1 only had oil and water
Vial 2 had oil, water and pinch of bile salts (BPNA) the bile added to vial 2 breakes oil drops apart
Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes operate optimally at a ph that is slightly alkaline, yet the chyme entering the duodemnum form the stomach is very acidic. How is the proper ph for the functioning of the pancreatic intestinal enzymes ensured?
pancreas delivers its enzymes to the small intestine in an alkaline rich fluid. It then secretes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid.
Blocks off nasal passages during swallowing
uvula
voluntary phase of swallowing
buccal
propulsive waves of smooth muscle contraction
pharyngeal esophageal
spinchter that opens when food or fluids exert pressure on it
gastroesophangeal (cardiac)
movement that mainly serves to mix foodstuffs
segmental
forces food into the pharynx
tongue
involuntary phase of swallowing
peristalsis
Structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall
anus
Three modifications of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
circular folds, villi, microvilli
Large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine
peyers patches
deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine
circular folds
regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically
oral cavity, stomach
mobile organ that initiates swallowing
tongue
conduit that serves the respiratory and digestive systems
pharynx
lies posterior to the trachea; conveys food from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
surface projections of a mucosal epithelial cell
microvilli
valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
ileocecal valve
primary region of enzymatic digestion
small intestine
membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth
frenulum
area between the teeth and lip/cheeks
oral vestibule
wormlike sac that out pockets from the cecum
appendix
carbohydrate (starch) digestion begins here
oral cavity
two layered serous membrane attached to the greater curvature of the stomach
greater omentum
organ distal to the small intestine
large intestine
valve preventing movement of chyme from the duodenum into the stomach
pyloric sphincter
posteriorsuperior boundary of the oral cavity
soft palate
location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions and bile pass
small intestine
outermost layer of a digestive organ in the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
principal site for the synthesis of vitamins B, K by bacteria
large intestine
distal end of the alimentary canal
anus
bone-supported part of roof of the mouth
hard palate
produces mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine
duodenal glands
groduces a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth
salvary
produces a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum
pancreas
produces bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct
liver
produces HCI and pepsinogen
gastric
What is the role of the gallbaldder
stores bile
visible portion of tooth
crown
material covering the tooth root
cement
hardest substance in the body
enamel
attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures
periodontal ligament
portion of the tooth embeded in bone
root
forms the major protion of tooth structure; similar to bone
dentin
area of the tooth below the dentin
pulp
site of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
pulp
portion of the tooth covered with enamel
crown